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Kaplan Biology > Ch 5- Endocrine > Flashcards

Ch 5- Endocrine Flashcards

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1
Q

Signaling molecules that are secreted directly into the bloodstream to travel to a distant target tissue

A

Hormone

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2
Q

Hormones can be classified by their chemical identities. Hormones can be

A

Peptides, steroids, or amino acid derivatives

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3
Q

Hormones made up of amino acids

A

Peptide Hormones

Released by exocytosis after being packaged into vesicles

Cant pass thru the cell membrane! Charged

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4
Q

Peptide hormones are considered the ______messenger

A

First

  • Cant pass thru cell membrane
  • Binds to receptor and triggers transmission of a second signal (second messengers)
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5
Q

The connection between the hormone at the surface and the effect brought about by second messengers within the cell is known as a

A

Signaling Cascade

-At each step, there is the possibility of AMPLIFICATION or intensity of the signal

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6
Q

3 Common second messengers are

A
  • Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP)
  • Inositol Triphosphate (IP3)
  • Calcium
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7
Q

When a peptide hormone binds to receptor, it triggers it to either activate or inhibit an enzyme called

A

Adenylate Cyclase (raises or lowers cAMP)

  • cAMP binds to intracellular targets
  • Common intracellular target is protein kinase A (phosphorylates transcription factors)
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8
Q

The effects of peptide hormones are usually ________but short lived-

A

Rapid, short-lived

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9
Q

Peptide hormones are generally

A

Water soluble

-Dont require carries in blood

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10
Q

________ hormones are derived from cholesterol, produced primarily by gonads and adrenal cortex

A

Steroid

  • Derived from NONPOLAR molecules
  • Easily cross cell membrane
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11
Q

Steroid hormone receptors are usually ______

A

Intracellular or intranuclear

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12
Q

Upon a steroid binding to receptor, complex undergoes conformational changes and result in what

A

Increased or decreased transcription of genes

-One common conformational change is DIMERIZATION (pairing of 2 receptor hormone complexes)

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13
Q

Effects of steroids are _______ but ______

A

Slower, Longer lived

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14
Q

_________ have surface receptors and act via ___________. ________ Bind to intracellular receipts and function by binding to ________ to alter gene transcription

A

Peptide Hormones, Second Messenger Systems.

Steroid hormone, DNA

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15
Q

Insulin is what type of hormone

A

Peptide Hormone

(most peptide hormones and in -in or -ine
Most steroids en in -one -ol -oid)

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16
Q

Steroid hormones are not _____ soluble and must be carried by ______ in the blood

A

Water, Proteins

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17
Q

When a hormone is bonded to a carrier it is generally

A

Inactive

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18
Q

Protein carries for hormones my be ______ like sex hormone-binding globulin) or _______ like albumin

A

Specific, Nonspecific

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19
Q

Levels of _______ proteins can change the level of _______

A

Carrier, Active Hormone

-If a condition produces too much carrier proteins may bind free hormone and body may perceive low levels of hormone

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20
Q

Examples of amino acid derivative hormones

A

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Triiodothyronine, Thyroxine

Ie Thyroid hormones made from tyrosine with several iodine atoms

Catecholamines bind to GPCR

Thyroid hormones bind intracellularly

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21
Q

Amino acid derivative hormones have diff chemistries. Catecholamines bind to ________ while thyroid hormones bind _________

A

GPCR, Intracellularly

Catecholamines have extremity fast onset and short lived.

Thyroxine/T3 slower onset but longer duration (like steroids)

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22
Q

Some hormones known as _______ a re secreted and then act directly on the tissue

A

Direct hormones

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23
Q

______ Hormones require an intermediary to act

A

Tropic

(stimulate another gland to produce a hormone)

Usually originate in the brain and anterior pituitary gland

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24
Q

The bridge between the nervous and endocrine systems

A

Hypothalamus

-Regulates the pituitary through tropic hormones

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25
Q

The hypothalamus control the pituitary thru

A

Paracrine release

Releases hormones into a portal system that directly connects the 2 systems

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26
Q

The release of hormones by the hypothalamus is regulated by

A

Negative feedback

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27
Q

Occurs when a hormone (or product) later in the pathway inhibits hormones (or enzymes) earlier in the pathway

A

Negative feedback

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28
Q

The hypothalamus secretes compounds in the ________ which is a blood vessel system that directly connects the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary

A

Hypophyseal portal system

  • Hypothalamic hormones released directly to anterior pituitary. Cant be detected in significant levels systemically
  • Bind to receptors in pituitary and stimulates other hormone release
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29
Q

4 tropic hormones secreted by hypothalamus

A 
GnRH-->FSH,LH
GHRH-->GH
TRH-->THS
CRF--> ACTH
PIF (Prolactin inhibiting factor)(Is actually dopamine)--> Inhibits prolactin release

Prolactin is the exception! As long as PIF release from hypothalamus, no prolactin release from anterior pituitary. NO PIF= prolactin release

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30
Q

3 organ systems composed of hypothalamus, pituitary, and end organ referred to as

A

Axes

Like Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian

Hypothalamus and thalamus must have receptors for the end product to stop production for negative feedback!

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31
Q

How does the posterior pituitary release oxytocin and ADH?

A

Neurons in the hypothalamus send their axons down the the stalk directly into the posterior pituitary which then release the hormone.

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32
Q

Hormone that increases reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts of the kidneys

A

ADH

Secreted in reponce to increase plasma osmolarity

or low blood volume

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33
Q

What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary

A

FLAT PEG

FLAT = hormones that are tropic
F = FSH
L = LH
A = ACTH
T = TSH
PEG = hormones that have direct action
P = Prolactin
E = Endorphins
G = GnRH

Synthesizes and secretes them!

THEY ARE ALL PEPTIDES

34
Q

Hormone that stimulates milk production in the mammary glands

A

Prolactin

35
Q

Mechanism for milk ejection when baby latches onto breast

A
  1. oxytocin released from posterior pituitary to contract smooth muscle of breast
  2. Hypothalamus stops releasing dopamine into anterior pituitary
    =prolactin release and milk production and regulation of milk supply
36
Q

Posterior pituitary receives and stores what 2 hormones made by________

A

Oxytocin and ADH, Hypothalamus

37
Q

Oxycytocin is unusual in that it has a ________feedback loop

A

Positive

Oxytocin= uterine controcation

Uterine contraction promotes more oxycytocin release=stronger uterine contraction

Positive feedback loop have a definitive endpoint which in this case is delivery.

38
Q

2 Major function of the thyroid

A
  1. Setting basal metabolic rate

2. Calcium homeostasis

39
Q

Thyroid hormones are

A 
Triiodothyronine (T3)
and Thyroxine (T4)
40
Q

T3 and T4 are produced by iodination of the amino acid tyrosine in the _________ cells of the thyroid

A

Follicular

The numbers 3 and 4 refers to # of iodine atoms attached to tyrosine

41
Q

Increased T3 and T4 leads to

A

Increased cellular respiration= more protein and fatty acid turnover

Making more and destroying more

42
Q

High T3 and T4 = what

A

Low TSH and TRH synthesis

43
Q

Deficiency of thyroid hormones in children that results in mental retardation and developmental delay

A

Cretinism

44
Q

_______ Cells produce thyroid hormone and _______ cells produce calcitonin

A

Follicular cells, C-Cells (also called parafollicular)

45
Q

4 small pea sized structures that sit on the posterior surface of the thyroid

A

Parathyroid

46
Q

________ Hormone serves as antagonism to calcitonin and raises blood calcium levels

A

Parathyroid

Also affects phosphorus homeostasis by lowering phosphate

Also activated Vitamin D (all to increase serum Ca2+)

47
Q

3 important functions of calcium are

A
  1. Bone structure and strength
  2. Muscle contraction regulation
  3. Blood clotting (calcium is a cofactor)

also role in cell movement, exocytosis, and neurotransmitter release

48
Q

The adrenal cortex secretes

A

Corticosteroids

Divided in 3 functional classes:

  1. Glucocorticoids
  2. Mineralocorticoids
  3. Cortical Sex hormones
49
Q

What are the 3 corticosteroids secreted by the adrenal cortex?

A
  1. Glucocorticoids
  2. Mineralocorticoids
  3. Cortical Sex hormones
50
Q

Glucocorticoids are

A

Steroid hormones that regulate glucose levels

Also affect protein metabolism

-2 important ones are Cortisol and cortison

51
Q

Glucocorticoids do what to blood sugar and 2 ways it does it

A

Raise blood sugar by

  1. Increasing gluconeogenesis
  2. Decreasing protein synthesis
52
Q

Glucocorticoids like cortisol and cortisone do what to inflammation mechanisms and immunologic responses

A

Decrease.

53
Q

Corticosteroid that is used in salt and water homeostasis

A

Mineralocorticoid

Most common is Aldosterone

54
Q

Aldosterone does what on the kidneys?

A

Increases sodium reabsorption in the DCT and collecting duct of the nephron

  • Increases blood volume and pressure
  • Promotes exertion of K+ and Hydrogen ions
  • Unlike ADH it doesn’t change BLOOD OSMOLARITY
55
Q

Unlike the glucocorticoids, aldosterone is primarily under control of

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

56
Q

Decreased blood pressure causes the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney to secrete ________ which cleaves an inactive plasma protein ________ to its active form ____________

A

Renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin 1

Angiotensin 1 converted to Angiotensin 2 by angiotensin converting enzyme in the lungs.

57
Q

Angiotensin 2 stimulates what?

A

Adrenal cortex to secret aldosterone

58
Q

Cortical sex hormones are

A

Androgen and Estrogens

If a female borne with excess cortical hormones, may have ambiguous or masculinized genitalia

59
Q

Functions of the corticosteroids

A

“The 3 S’s
Salt (mineralocorticoids)
Sugar (glucocorticoids)
Sex (cortical sex hormones)”

60
Q

Adrenal Medula is responsible for production of

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrien

61
Q

Epi and norepinephrine are what type of hormones

A

Amino Acid Derivatives called catecholamines

62
Q

2 Things that are caused by epinephrine

A

Glycogenolysis (glycogen to glucose)

and increase in basal metabolic rate

Cortisol and epic both stress responses (cortisol is slow epi is fast)

63
Q

Name the distinct types of cells of the pancreas and the hormones it produces

A

“α-cells secrete glucagon, β-cells secrete insulin, and δ-cells secrete somatostatin.”

All PEPTIDES

64
Q

3 things that happen when glucagon secreted

A
  1. Glycogenolysis
  2. Gluconeogenesis
  3. Degradation of protein and fat

Inhibited by high glucose levels

65
Q

What are the GI hormones that increase glucagon release from alpha cells in the pancreas

A

CCK and Gastrin

66
Q

Insulin stimulates anabolic process like

A

Fat and protein synthesis

67
Q

2 signs of diabetes

A

Polyuria and Polydipsia

Glucose can’t cross cell and presence of glucose in filtrate leads to excess excretion of water

68
Q

What are substance that are capable of increasing blood sugar

A

Glucagon, GH, glucocorticoids, and EPI

Hormones that raise blood sugar are call counterregulatory hormones

69
Q

And inhibitor of both insulin and glucagon

A

Somatostatin

  • Stimulated by high glucose and Amino Acid Concentrations
  • Also produces in the hypothalamus to decrease GH
70
Q

“The testes secrete testosterone in response to stimulation by

A

gonadotropins (LH and FSH)”

71
Q

“The ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone in response to

A

gonadotropins (LH and FSH)”

72
Q

“The pineal gland is located deep within the brain, where it secretes the hormone”

A

melatonin (peptide)

-Involved in the circadian rhythms

73
Q

“ In the gastrointestinal tract, endocrine tissue can be found in both the”

A

stomach and intestine

74
Q

Many GI peptides have been identified that act as hormones. These include

A

Secretin

Gastrin, and CCK

75
Q

Hormone produced by the kidney which stimulates bone marrow to increase production of erythrocytes”

A

Erythropoietin (peptide)

-Stimulus is low 02 levels in the blood

76
Q

The heart releases _________ to help regulate salt/water balance when stretched from excess blood volume

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) (Peptide)

  • Promotes excretion of sodium and increases urine volume
  • Functionally antagonistic to aldosterone
77
Q

Hormone secreted by thymus that is important or proper T-Cell development and differentiation

A

Thymosin (peptide)

78
Q

Promotes maintainance of endometrium

A

Progesterone (steroid)

79
Q

“are composed of amino acids and are derived from larger precursors that are cleaved during posttranslational modification.”

A

Peptide Hormones

  • Cant pass thru PM
  • Rapid Onset short lived
  • Travel Freely inblood
80
Q

_________ have major effects in non-endocrine tissues.
_________have major effects in other endocrine tissues.”

Excerpt From: Kaplan. “Kaplan MCAT Biology Review: Created for MCAT 2015 (Kaplan Test Prep).” iBooks.

A

Direct Hormones, Tropic Hormones

81
Q

“The hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary gland through ______ release of hormones into the ________ which directly connects the two organs.”

A

Paracrine, hypophyseal portal system

82
Q

“promotes the development of ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males.”

A

FSH

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