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Kaplan Biology > Ch 5- Endocrine > Flashcards

Ch 5- Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Signaling molecules that are secreted directly into the bloodstream to travel to a distant target tissue

A

Hormone

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2
Q

Hormones can be classified by their chemical identities. Hormones can be

A

Peptides, steroids, or amino acid derivatives

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3
Q

Hormones made up of amino acids

A

Peptide Hormones

Released by exocytosis after being packaged into vesicles

Cant pass thru the cell membrane! Charged

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4
Q

Peptide hormones are considered the ______messenger

A

First

  • Cant pass thru cell membrane
  • Binds to receptor and triggers transmission of a second signal (second messengers)
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5
Q

The connection between the hormone at the surface and the effect brought about by second messengers within the cell is known as a

A

Signaling Cascade

-At each step, there is the possibility of AMPLIFICATION or intensity of the signal

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6
Q

3 Common second messengers are

A
  • Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP)
  • Inositol Triphosphate (IP3)
  • Calcium
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7
Q

When a peptide hormone binds to receptor, it triggers it to either activate or inhibit an enzyme called

A

Adenylate Cyclase (raises or lowers cAMP)

  • cAMP binds to intracellular targets
  • Common intracellular target is protein kinase A (phosphorylates transcription factors)
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8
Q

The effects of peptide hormones are usually ________but short lived-

A

Rapid, short-lived

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9
Q

Peptide hormones are generally

A

Water soluble

-Dont require carries in blood

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10
Q

________ hormones are derived from cholesterol, produced primarily by gonads and adrenal cortex

A

Steroid

  • Derived from NONPOLAR molecules
  • Easily cross cell membrane
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11
Q

Steroid hormone receptors are usually ______

A

Intracellular or intranuclear

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12
Q

Upon a steroid binding to receptor, complex undergoes conformational changes and result in what

A

Increased or decreased transcription of genes

-One common conformational change is DIMERIZATION (pairing of 2 receptor hormone complexes)

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13
Q

Effects of steroids are _______ but ______

A

Slower, Longer lived

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14
Q

_________ have surface receptors and act via ___________. ________ Bind to intracellular receipts and function by binding to ________ to alter gene transcription

A

Peptide Hormones, Second Messenger Systems.

Steroid hormone, DNA

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15
Q

Insulin is what type of hormone

A

Peptide Hormone

(most peptide hormones and in -in or -ine
Most steroids en in -one -ol -oid)

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16
Q

Steroid hormones are not _____ soluble and must be carried by ______ in the blood

A

Water, Proteins

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17
Q

When a hormone is bonded to a carrier it is generally

A

Inactive

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18
Q

Protein carries for hormones my be ______ like sex hormone-binding globulin) or _______ like albumin

A

Specific, Nonspecific

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19
Q

Levels of _______ proteins can change the level of _______

A

Carrier, Active Hormone

-If a condition produces too much carrier proteins may bind free hormone and body may perceive low levels of hormone

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20
Q

Examples of amino acid derivative hormones

A

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Triiodothyronine, Thyroxine

Ie Thyroid hormones made from tyrosine with several iodine atoms

Catecholamines bind to GPCR

Thyroid hormones bind intracellularly

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21
Q

Amino acid derivative hormones have diff chemistries. Catecholamines bind to ________ while thyroid hormones bind _________

A

GPCR, Intracellularly

Catecholamines have extremity fast onset and short lived.

Thyroxine/T3 slower onset but longer duration (like steroids)

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22
Q

Some hormones known as _______ a re secreted and then act directly on the tissue

A

Direct hormones

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23
Q

______ Hormones require an intermediary to act

A

Tropic

(stimulate another gland to produce a hormone)

Usually originate in the brain and anterior pituitary gland

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24
Q

The bridge between the nervous and endocrine systems

A

Hypothalamus

-Regulates the pituitary through tropic hormones

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25
The hypothalamus control the pituitary thru
Paracrine release Releases hormones into a portal system that directly connects the 2 systems
26
The release of hormones by the hypothalamus is regulated by
Negative feedback
27
Occurs when a hormone (or product) later in the pathway inhibits hormones (or enzymes) earlier in the pathway
Negative feedback
28
The hypothalamus secretes compounds in the ________ which is a blood vessel system that directly connects the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary
Hypophyseal portal system - Hypothalamic hormones released directly to anterior pituitary. Cant be detected in significant levels systemically - Bind to receptors in pituitary and stimulates other hormone release
29
4 tropic hormones secreted by hypothalamus
``` GnRH-->FSH,LH GHRH-->GH TRH-->THS CRF--> ACTH PIF (Prolactin inhibiting factor)(Is actually dopamine)--> Inhibits prolactin release ``` Prolactin is the exception! As long as PIF release from hypothalamus, no prolactin release from anterior pituitary. NO PIF= prolactin release
30
3 organ systems composed of hypothalamus, pituitary, and end organ referred to as
Axes Like Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian Hypothalamus and thalamus must have receptors for the end product to stop production for negative feedback!
31
How does the posterior pituitary release oxytocin and ADH?
Neurons in the hypothalamus send their axons down the the stalk directly into the posterior pituitary which then release the hormone.
32
Hormone that increases reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts of the kidneys
ADH Secreted in reponce to increase plasma osmolarity or low blood volume
33
What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary
FLAT PEG ``` FLAT = hormones that are tropic F = FSH L = LH A = ACTH T = TSH ``` ``` PEG = hormones that have direct action P = Prolactin E = Endorphins G = GnRH ``` Synthesizes and secretes them! THEY ARE ALL PEPTIDES
34
Hormone that stimulates milk production in the mammary glands
Prolactin
35
Mechanism for milk ejection when baby latches onto breast
1. oxytocin released from posterior pituitary to contract smooth muscle of breast 2. Hypothalamus stops releasing dopamine into anterior pituitary =prolactin release and milk production and regulation of milk supply
36
Posterior pituitary receives and stores what 2 hormones made by________
Oxytocin and ADH, Hypothalamus
37
Oxycytocin is unusual in that it has a ________feedback loop
Positive Oxytocin= uterine controcation Uterine contraction promotes more oxycytocin release=stronger uterine contraction Positive feedback loop have a definitive endpoint which in this case is delivery.
38
2 Major function of the thyroid
1. Setting basal metabolic rate | 2. Calcium homeostasis
39
Thyroid hormones are
``` Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4) ```
40
T3 and T4 are produced by iodination of the amino acid tyrosine in the _________ cells of the thyroid
Follicular The numbers 3 and 4 refers to # of iodine atoms attached to tyrosine
41
Increased T3 and T4 leads to
Increased cellular respiration= more protein and fatty acid turnover Making more and destroying more
42
High T3 and T4 = what
Low TSH and TRH synthesis
43
Deficiency of thyroid hormones in children that results in mental retardation and developmental delay
Cretinism
44
_______ Cells produce thyroid hormone and _______ cells produce calcitonin
Follicular cells, C-Cells (also called parafollicular)
45
4 small pea sized structures that sit on the posterior surface of the thyroid
Parathyroid
46
________ Hormone serves as antagonism to calcitonin and raises blood calcium levels
Parathyroid Also affects phosphorus homeostasis by lowering phosphate Also activated Vitamin D (all to increase serum Ca2+)
47
3 important functions of calcium are
1. Bone structure and strength 2. Muscle contraction regulation 3. Blood clotting (calcium is a cofactor) also role in cell movement, exocytosis, and neurotransmitter release
48
The adrenal cortex secretes
Corticosteroids Divided in 3 functional classes: 1. Glucocorticoids 2. Mineralocorticoids 3. Cortical Sex hormones
49
What are the 3 corticosteroids secreted by the adrenal cortex?
1. Glucocorticoids 2. Mineralocorticoids 3. Cortical Sex hormones
50
Glucocorticoids are
Steroid hormones that regulate glucose levels Also affect protein metabolism -2 important ones are Cortisol and cortison
51
Glucocorticoids do what to blood sugar and 2 ways it does it
Raise blood sugar by 1. Increasing gluconeogenesis 2. Decreasing protein synthesis
52
Glucocorticoids like cortisol and cortisone do what to inflammation mechanisms and immunologic responses
Decrease.
53
Corticosteroid that is used in salt and water homeostasis
Mineralocorticoid Most common is Aldosterone
54
Aldosterone does what on the kidneys?
Increases sodium reabsorption in the DCT and collecting duct of the nephron - Increases blood volume and pressure - Promotes exertion of K+ and Hydrogen ions - Unlike ADH it doesn't change BLOOD OSMOLARITY
55
Unlike the glucocorticoids, aldosterone is primarily under control of
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
56
Decreased blood pressure causes the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney to secrete ________ which cleaves an inactive plasma protein ________ to its active form ____________
Renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin 1 Angiotensin 1 converted to Angiotensin 2 by angiotensin converting enzyme in the lungs.
57
Angiotensin 2 stimulates what?
Adrenal cortex to secret aldosterone
58
Cortical sex hormones are
Androgen and Estrogens If a female borne with excess cortical hormones, may have ambiguous or masculinized genitalia
59
Functions of the corticosteroids
“The 3 S’s Salt (mineralocorticoids) Sugar (glucocorticoids) Sex (cortical sex hormones)”
60
Adrenal Medula is responsible for production of
Epinephrine and Norepinephrien
61
Epi and norepinephrine are what type of hormones
Amino Acid Derivatives called catecholamines
62
2 Things that are caused by epinephrine
Glycogenolysis (glycogen to glucose) and increase in basal metabolic rate Cortisol and epic both stress responses (cortisol is slow epi is fast)
63
Name the distinct types of cells of the pancreas and the hormones it produces
“α-cells secrete glucagon, β-cells secrete insulin, and δ-cells secrete somatostatin.” All PEPTIDES
64
3 things that happen when glucagon secreted
1. Glycogenolysis 2. Gluconeogenesis 3. Degradation of protein and fat Inhibited by high glucose levels
65
What are the GI hormones that increase glucagon release from alpha cells in the pancreas
CCK and Gastrin
66
Insulin stimulates anabolic process like
Fat and protein synthesis
67
2 signs of diabetes
Polyuria and Polydipsia Glucose can't cross cell and presence of glucose in filtrate leads to excess excretion of water
68
What are substance that are capable of increasing blood sugar
Glucagon, GH, glucocorticoids, and EPI Hormones that raise blood sugar are call counterregulatory hormones
69
And inhibitor of both insulin and glucagon
Somatostatin - Stimulated by high glucose and Amino Acid Concentrations - Also produces in the hypothalamus to decrease GH
70
“The testes secrete testosterone in response to stimulation by
gonadotropins (LH and FSH)”
71
“The ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone in response to
gonadotropins (LH and FSH)”
72
“The pineal gland is located deep within the brain, where it secretes the hormone”
melatonin (peptide) -Involved in the circadian rhythms
73
“ In the gastrointestinal tract, endocrine tissue can be found in both the”
stomach and intestine
74
Many GI peptides have been identified that act as hormones. These include
Secretin | Gastrin, and CCK
75
Hormone produced by the kidney which stimulates bone marrow to increase production of erythrocytes”
Erythropoietin (peptide) -Stimulus is low 02 levels in the blood
76
The heart releases _________ to help regulate salt/water balance when stretched from excess blood volume
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) (Peptide) - Promotes excretion of sodium and increases urine volume - Functionally antagonistic to aldosterone
77
Hormone secreted by thymus that is important or proper T-Cell development and differentiation
Thymosin (peptide)
78
Promotes maintainance of endometrium
Progesterone (steroid)
79
“are composed of amino acids and are derived from larger precursors that are cleaved during posttranslational modification.”
Peptide Hormones - Cant pass thru PM - Rapid Onset short lived - Travel Freely inblood
80
_________ have major effects in non-endocrine tissues. _________have major effects in other endocrine tissues.” Excerpt From: Kaplan. “Kaplan MCAT Biology Review: Created for MCAT 2015 (Kaplan Test Prep).” iBooks.
Direct Hormones, Tropic Hormones
81
“The hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary gland through ______ release of hormones into the ________ which directly connects the two organs.”
Paracrine, hypophyseal portal system
82
“promotes the development of ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males.”
FSH

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