Ch 1- The Cell Flashcards
1
Q
In 1665 _______assembled a crude compound microscope and tested its properties on a piece of cork
A
Robert Hooke
Also known for his characterization of springs (Hooks law F=-kx)
2
Q
In 1674 ________first to view a living cell under a microscope
A
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
3
Q
In 1850 _____Demonstrated that diseased cells could arise from normal cells in normal tissue
A
Rudolph Virchow
4
Q
Cell theory Contains what 4 Tenets
A
- All living things are composed of Cells
- The cell is the basic functional unit of life
- Cells arise only from preexisting cells
- Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA. This genetic material is passed on from parent to daughter cell ( An Advanced tenet later added)
5
Q
Viruses are living or not living according to Kaplan
A
Nonliving
6
Q
Eukaryotic organisms can be _______or ________
A
Unicellular, Multicellular
7
Q
Prokaryotic cells do not contain a
A
Nucleus
8
Q
The _______allows for the diffusion of molecules throughout the cell
A
Cytosol
9
Q
Eukaryotic cells reproduce by
A
mitosis
10
Q
The most heavily organelle tested on the mcat is the
A
nucleus
11
Q
Nucleus is surrounded by the
A
nuclear membrane or envelope (double membrane)
Allows for compartmentalization of transcription
12
Q
_______In the the nuclear membrane allow for selective 2-way exchange of material between cytoplasm and nucleus
A
Nuclear Pores
13
Q
hnRNA is
A
Heterogenous RNA (immature RNA) (no modifications yet)
14
Q
Coding regions of DNA are called
A
Genes
15
Q
Linear DNA is wound around
A
Histones
16
Q
Where is ribosomal RNA synthesized?
A
Nucleolus
17
Q
The mitochondrion contains how many layers
A
2 (outer and inner called cristae)
18
Q
The inner membrane of the mitochondria called cristae contains
A
molecules and enzymes necessary for the electron transport chain.
19
Q
Space between the inner and outer membrane of the mitochondria is called the
A
intermembrane space
20
Q
The space inside the inner membrane is call
A
The mitochondrial matrix
21
Q
Protons flow through ______ to generate ATP during oxidative phosphorylation
A
ATP Synthase
22
Q
Attempts to explain formation of some membrane bound organelle like mitochondria, chloroplasts, and organelles of motility (like flagella)
A
Serial endosymbiosis theory
23
Q
Mitochondria are different from other organelles being semi-autonomous by
A
- Containing some of their own genes
2. Replicated independently of the nucleus via binary fission
24
Q
Mitochondria are thought to have evolved from
A
An aerobic prokaryote engulfing and aerobic prokaryote and establishing a symbiotic relationship
25
Apart from giving energy, mitochondria also play a role in
Apoptosis (killing the cell) by release of enzymes from the electron transport chain
26
Membrane bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes that break down substances ingested by endocytosis and cell waste
Lysosomes
27
When lysosomes release enzymes in apoptosis in a process called
autolysis
28
2 organelles involved in apoptosis
Mitochondria and lysosomes
29
A series of interconnected membranes that are contiguous with the nuclear envelope.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
30
Smooth ER is utilized primarily for
1. Lipid synthesis
2. Detox of drugs and poisons
3. Transports proteins from RER to Golgi Apparatus
31
Stacked membrane bound sacs that get transferred materials from ER in vesicles
Golgi Apparatus
32
Materials in the Golgi can be modified by
adding groups like
carbs
phosphates
Sulfates
And sorting
33
After modifying in Golgi products are repackaged in
vesicles
34
Cells involved in secretion have high concentrations of
RER and Golgi
35
Peroxisomes contain
Hydrogen peroxides
36
One of the primary functions of perixisomes is the breakdown of very long chain fatty acids via
Beta-Oxidation
37
Peroxisomes participate in the synthesis of
Phospholipids
-And contain some enzymes involved in pentose phosphate pathway
38
Some enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway are contained in
peroxisomes
39
What are the three components of the cytoskeleton?
1. Microfilaments
2. Microtubules
3. Intermediate Filaments
40
Microfilaments are made up of polymerized rods of
Actin
41
Actin filaments are resistant to
compression and fracture
| protects cells
42
Use ATP to generate force for movement by interacting with myosin in muscle contraction
Actin
43
_____Plays a role in cytokinesis. Forms the cleavage furrow and pinches off the connection
Actin Microfilaments
44
Actin is ______ Microfilaments are______
Solid, Hollow
45
Microtubules are made up of
Tubular proteins
46
Microtubules provide pathways along which motor proteins _______ & _____ Carry vesicles
Kinesin & Dynein
47
Motor proteins like kinesis and Dynein, binding proteins, cell adhesion molecules, immunoglobulins and ion channels are examples of
Non-Enzymatic Proteins
48
Cilia and Flagella are composed of
Microtubules
49
Projections from a cell primarily involved in movement of materials along surface of cell
Cilia
50
Structures composed of microtubules involved in movement of the cell itself
Flagella
51
Cilia and flagella structures display what arrangement of microtubules
9+2
| 9 pairs with pair in the center
52
Centrioles are found in what region of the cell
Centrosome
53
Centrioles are composed of
Microtubules
54
Structure of centrioles
9 Triples of microtubules with hollow center
| cenTRIoles
55
Microtubules radiating from centrioles attach to chromosomes via what complex
Kinetochores
56
A diverse group of filamentous proteins that include keratin and desmin
Intermediate filaments
57
- Element of cytoskeleton involved in cell-to-cell adhesion and maintain overall integrity.
- Able to withstand a lot of tension
- Anchor organelles
Intermediate fibers
58
Organizing centers for microtubules?
| Structure?
Centrioles, 9 Triplets
59
Four tissue Types
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
60
What tissue Covers the body and lines its cavities
Epithelia tissue
61
Tissue involved in absorption, secretion, and sensation
Epithilium
62
Epithelium are joined to an underlying layer of what tissue?
| What is it called?
Connective tissue
| Basement membrane
63
Functional parts of the organ
Parenchyma
64
Epithelia with one later of cells
Simple epithelia
65
Epithelia with multiple cell layers
Stratified epithelia
66
Pseudostratofied epithelia have how many layers
1
67
Shapes of epithilium
Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar
68
Supports body and Provides framework for epithelial cells to carry out function
Connective tissue
69
Epithelial cells usually constitute what part of the organ
Parenchyma (Functional part)
70
Connective tissue usually main contributor to
Stroma (supportive structure)
71
What type of tissue is bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose, and blood?
Connective Tissue
72
Cells in the connective tissue produce and secrete what materials
Collagen and Elastin
73
Collagen and elastin form what part of connective tissue
Extracellular Matrix
74
Dont contain membrane bound organelles
Prokaryotes
75
The small circular DNA of prokaryotes are contained in
Nucleoid Region
76
3 domains of life
Archie, Bacteria, Eukarya
77
2 domains of prokaryotes
Archie and Bacteria
78
TF: Archea are single celled organisms
True
79
TF: Archae more similar to EUK
True
| They are considered extremophiles
80
Able to generate energy from inorganic compounds like sulfur and nitrogen based compounds like ammonia
Chemosynthetic (Archea)
81
Similarities between Archae and Bacteria
- Single circular chromosome
- Divide by binary fission (budding)
- Similiar Structure
82
Similarities between Archae and Eukaryotes
- Start translation w/ methionine
- Similiar RNA Pol
- Have histones
83
All bacteria contain
-Cell membrane
-Cytoplasm
(Some have flagella or fimbriae-like cilia)
84
Bacteria perform essential functions including production of
Vitamin K
85
Symbiotic relationships
Both benefit from relationship
86
Pathogenic bacteria
Provide no advantage, cause disease
87
3 Shapes of prokariotics
Bacilli (Rod shaped)
Spirilli (Spiral)
Cocci (Spherical)
BSC
88
Bacteria that require oxygen for metabolism
Obligate Aerobes
89
Bacteria that use fermentation or other forms of cellular metabolism
Anaerobes
90
Anaerobes that can't live in oxygen environment (are killed by oxygen)
Obligate Anaerobes
(Are killed by oxygen)
-Unlike aerotolerant anaerobes which don't use oxygen but don't kill it
91
Bacteria that can toggle between metabolic processes, using oxygen for aerobic metabolism if it is present, and switching to anaerobic metabolism if it is not
Facultative Anaerobes
92
Bacteria that are unable to use oxygen for metabolism but aren't harmed by its presence
Aerotolerant Anaerobes
93
The envelope of the bacteria is composed of
Cell wall and cell membrane
94
2 Main Types of cell walls in bacteria
Gram positive and gram negative
95
If envelope of bacteria absorbs crystal violet stain it is deep purple and
Gram +
96
If bacterial envelope doesn't absorb crystal violet stain but absorbs safranin counterstain it is pink-red and
Gram negative
97
Gram positive cell walls consists of a thick layer of
Peptigoglycan
Made of amino acids and sugar
98
Gram positive bacteria contains peptidoglycan in its cell wall and
Lipoteichoic Acid
| -Function is unknown
99
The human immune system responds to components of the ______ in bacteria
Cell wall
100
Gram negative bacteria have outer membrane and its contains
Phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides
101
Long whiplike structures used for propulsion
Flagella
102
“ability of a cell to detect chemical stimuli and move toward or away from them”
Chemotaxis
103
Flagella are composed of
Filament, basal body, and hook
104
The filament of the flagella is a hollow helical structure composed of
Flagellin
105
Motor of the flagellum that also anchors flagellum
Basal Body
106
“connects the filament of the flagellum and the basal body so that, as the basal body rotates, it exerts torque on the filament, which can thereby spin and propel the bacterium forward”
The Hook
107
TF- Bacteria don't have histones
True
108
“DNA acquired from external sources may also be carried on smaller circular structures known as”
Plasmids
109
“carry DNA that is not necessary for survival of the prokaryote—and therefore is not considered part of the genome of the bacterium”
Plasmids
110
TF: Prokaryotes and Euk have different sized ribosomes
True
111
TF: Prokaryotes don't have mitochondria
True
Cell membrane is used for the electron transport chain and generation of ATP.
112
TF: Prokaryotes contain a primitive exoskeleton
True
113
Sizes are prok ribosomes
30S and 50S
114
Sizes of Euk ribosomes
40S and 60S
115
Differences between euk and prok flagella
Euk
- Larger, complex
- 9+2
- Tubulin
- Bending Movement
- ATP Driven
Pros
- Smaller
- Flagellin
- Rotary movement
- Proton driven
116
A form of asexual reproduction seen in prok
Binary Fission
117
Plasmids may also contain traits that increase how pathogenic a bacterium is, such as toxin production, projections that allow the bacterium to attach to certain kinds of cells, or evasion of the host’s immune system”
Virulence Factors
118
Subset of plasmids capable of integrating into the genome of the bacteria
Episomes
119
4 Forms of bacterial recombination process that helps increases bacterial diversity and permits evolution
Transformation
Conjugation
Transduction
Transposons
120
“results from the integration of foreign genetic material into the host genome”
Transformation
Many gram negative rods able to carry out this process
121
Bacterial Form of mating
Conjugation
122
Conjugation involves two cells forming a
Conjugation bridge
123
Bacterial Conjugation transfer is
Unidirectional
Always from donor Male (+) to recipient female (-)
124
The conjugation bridge is made from appendages called _______ and is found on the donor male
Sex Pili
125
In bacterial conjugation to form pili, bacteria must contain plasmids known as
Sex Factor (contains necessary genes for conjugation)
The most studied sex factor is the F (fertility) factor
126
Bacteria possessing the F or Fertility Factor plasmids are termed
F+ Cells
Those that don't are F- Cells
127
“During conjugation between an F+ and an F– cell, the F+ cell replicates its F factor and donates the copy to the recipient, converting it to an”
F+
128
The only genetic recombination process that requires a vector
Transduction
129
The vector in transduction is
A virus
“bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) can accidentally trap a segment of host DNA during assembly. When the bacteriophage infects another bacterium, it can release this trapped DNA into the new host cell. ”
130
“genetic elements capable of inserting and removing themselves from the genome.”
Transposons
- Also seen in Eukaryotes!
- If a transposon is inserted within a coding region of a gene, that gene may be disrupted.
131
4 Phases of the Bacterial growth phase
1. Lag phase
2. Exponential Phase
3. Stationary Phase
4. Death Phase
132
“In a new environment, the bacteria first adapt to the new local conditions during the”
Lag Phase
133
“As the bacteria adapt, growth increases, causing an exponential increase in the number of bacteria in the colony during the”
Exponential Phase (Log Phase)
134
“ As the number of bacteria in the colony grows, resources are often reduced. The reduction of resources slows reproduction, and the _______phase results
Stationary
135
“After the bacteria have exceeded the ability of the environment to support the number of bacteria the ________Phase results
Death
136
Bacterial growth curve is what type of plot
Semilog plot
“The fact that the y-axis is logarithmic means that a straight line (as seen during the exponential phase) actually represents an exponential increase in the number of bacteria, not a linear increase. ”
137
Euk are about _____times larger than Bacteria
10 Times
138
Size of virus range is
0.02-0.3 micrometers
Prok are 1-10 micrometers
139
TF: Viruses lack organelles and nucleus
True
140
Virus genetic information may be
- RNA or DNA
- Circular or Linear
- Single or Double Stranded
141
Virus protein coat known as
Capsid
142
Virus envelope composed of
Phospholipids
143
Enveloped viruses easier to kill because
Envelope sensitive to heat, detergents, desiccation
144
Virus envelope if present surrounds the
Capsid
145
Viruses cannot reproduce
Independently
| -are obligate intracellular parasites
146
TF: Viruses have ribosomes
False!
| Must replicate within host cell!
147
Viral progeny are called
Virions
-Are release to infect more cells
148
Viruses that specifically target bacteria
Bacteriophages
- Dont enter bacteria
- Inject their genetic material
- Structures stay outside
149
Tail sheath of the bacteriophage can act like a
Syringe
-Injects material into a bacterium
150
Tail fibers of a bacteriophage help to
recognize and connect to correct host cell
151
In viral genomes, single stranded RNA may be _______ sense or _________ sense
Positive, negative
152
In viral genomes, this type of single stranded RNA implies that the genome is directly translated to functional proteins by the ribosomes of the host cell, just like mRNA
Positive Sense RNA Viruses
153
In viral genomes, this type of single stranded RNA require synthesis of an RNA strand complementary to the RNA strand, which can then be used as a template for protein synthesis.
Negative-Sense RNA Viruses
These viruses MUST carry an RNA replicase in the virion to ensure that this complementary strand is synthesized
154
Enveloped, single stranded RNA virus in the family Retroviridae
Retroviruses
- Usually contains 2 identical RNA molecules
- Carry reverse transcriptase enzyme (DNA from RNA)
155
HIV binds to
CD4 and CCR5 on cell surface
156
Inserts newly synthesized HIV viral DNA into host Genome
Integrase
157
What happens are HIV DNA integrates into host genome
Cell machinery transcribes viral sense back into RNA, travels to cytoplasm, ribosomes translates the viral proteins, move to cell membrane and budd
158
This HIV enzyme modifies viral protein chains, enabling virions to mature into a form ready to infect a new cell
Protease
159
3 general stages of viral life cycle
Infection, Translation and Progeny Assembly, Progeny release
160
In order to infect a cell a virus must
Be able to bind to SPECIFIC receptors on host cell
-Enveloped virus fuses with PM via Endocytosis
161
After viral infection of host cell, what must occur in order for virus to reproduce
Translation of viral genetic material
-Requires translocation of genetic material to right place in cell
162
DNA viruses must go to the _____ to be transcribed to ____-
Nucleus, mRNA
-mRNA then goes to cytoplasm to be translated to proteins
163
Positive sense RNA viruses stay where
In the cytoplasm, translated directly
164
Negative Sense RNA virus require synthesis of complementary RNA strand via
RNA replicase
165
TF: The viral genome must be returned to its original form before packaging
True
For example retrovirus must transcribe new copies of their single-stranded RNA from the DNA that entered the host genome.
166
3 Ways viral progeny can be released
- May initiate Cell Death (spills viral progeny)
- Lysis of host cell because filled with large # of viroids
- Extrusion (virus leaves by fusing w/ PM) (Allows for host cell survival)
167
The the virus is in continuous use of the host cell to make viroids it is in what state
Productive Cycle
168
Bacteriophages may enter which 2 cycles
Lytic or lysogenic life cycle
169
During this cycle, the bacteriophage makes maximal use of the cell’s machinery with little regard for the survival of the host cell. Once the host is swollen with new virions, the cell lyses, and other bacteria can be infected.”
The Lytic Cycle
170
During the lytic phase bacteria are termed
Virulent
171
In this cycle, the virus will be replicated as the bacterium reproduces because it is now a part of the host’s genome as a PROVIRUS.
Lysogenic Cycle
Although the virus may remain integrated into the host genome indefinitely, environmental factors (radiation, light, or chemicals) will cause the provirus to leave the genome and revert to a lytic cycle at some point
172
“Infection with one strain of phage generally makes the bacterium less susceptible to”
Superinfection or simultaneous infection
173
Infectious proteins (non-living things) that cause disease by triggering misfolding of other proteins
Prions
Usually converse a-helical structure to b-pleated sheet.
-Reduces protein solubility and highly resistant to degradation
174
“small plant pathogens consisting of a very short circular single-stranded RNA.”
Viroids
“can bind to a large number of RNA sequences and will silence genes in the plant genome”
175
An example of a human viroid is
Hepatitis D virus.
Alone is benign but with Hep B infection silences hepatocyte functions
176
Contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down substances ingested by endocytosis and cellular waste products. When these enzymes are released, autolysis of the cell can occur.
Contain
177
Common examples of intermediate fibers
Keratin and Desmin
178
“In most organs, epithelial cells form the
Parenchyma
179
“In most organs, connective tissues form the”
Stroma or support Structure
180
“The cell wall and cell membrane of bacteria form the ”
Envelope
181
“Gram-positive bacteria have a thick cell wall composed of”
peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid
182
“Gram-negative bacteria have a thin cell wall composed of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane containing
phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides.”
183
“Prokaryotes carry out the electron transport chain using the”
Cell membrane
184
“Plasmids that can integrate into the genome are called”
Episomes
185
Plasmids may contain
Antibiotic resistance genes
or
Virulence Factors
186
bacterium with a conjugative plasmid (often the F-factor) integrated into its genomic DNA.
A high-frequency recombination cell (Hfr cell) (also called an Hfr strain)
187
Contribute fructose to nourish sperm and produce Alkaline fluid
Seminal Vesicles
188
Produce a clear viscous fluid that cleans out any remnants of urine and lubricates the urethra during sexual arousal
bulbourethral glands
189
Composed of sperm and seminal fluid from the glands above
Semen
190
Four haploid sperm are produced from a spermatogonium
Spermatogenesis
