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Kaplan Biology > Ch 1- The Cell > Flashcards

Ch 1- The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

In 1665 _______assembled a crude compound microscope and tested its properties on a piece of cork

A

Robert Hooke

Also known for his characterization of springs (Hooks law F=-kx)

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2
Q

In 1674 ________first to view a living cell under a microscope

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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3
Q

In 1850 _____Demonstrated that diseased cells could arise from normal cells in normal tissue

A

Rudolph Virchow

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4
Q

Cell theory Contains what 4 Tenets

A
  1. All living things are composed of Cells
  2. The cell is the basic functional unit of life
  3. Cells arise only from preexisting cells
  4. Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA. This genetic material is passed on from parent to daughter cell ( An Advanced tenet later added)
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5
Q

Viruses are living or not living according to Kaplan

A

Nonliving

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6
Q

Eukaryotic organisms can be _______or ________

A

Unicellular, Multicellular

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7
Q

Prokaryotic cells do not contain a

A

Nucleus

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8
Q

The _______allows for the diffusion of molecules throughout the cell

A

Cytosol

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9
Q

Eukaryotic cells reproduce by

A

mitosis

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10
Q

The most heavily organelle tested on the mcat is the

A

nucleus

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11
Q

Nucleus is surrounded by the

A

nuclear membrane or envelope (double membrane)

Allows for compartmentalization of transcription

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12
Q

_______In the the nuclear membrane allow for selective 2-way exchange of material between cytoplasm and nucleus

A

Nuclear Pores

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13
Q

hnRNA is

A 
Heterogenous RNA (immature RNA)
(no modifications yet)
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14
Q

Coding regions of DNA are called

A

Genes

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15
Q

Linear DNA is wound around

A

Histones

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16
Q

Where is ribosomal RNA synthesized?

A

Nucleolus

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17
Q

The mitochondrion contains how many layers

A

2 (outer and inner called cristae)

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18
Q

The inner membrane of the mitochondria called cristae contains

A

molecules and enzymes necessary for the electron transport chain.

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19
Q

Space between the inner and outer membrane of the mitochondria is called the

A

intermembrane space

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20
Q

The space inside the inner membrane is call

A

The mitochondrial matrix

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21
Q

Protons flow through ______ to generate ATP during oxidative phosphorylation

A

ATP Synthase

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22
Q

Attempts to explain formation of some membrane bound organelle like mitochondria, chloroplasts, and organelles of motility (like flagella)

A

Serial endosymbiosis theory

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23
Q

Mitochondria are different from other organelles being semi-autonomous by

A
  1. Containing some of their own genes

2. Replicated independently of the nucleus via binary fission

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24
Q

Mitochondria are thought to have evolved from

A

An aerobic prokaryote engulfing and aerobic prokaryote and establishing a symbiotic relationship

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25
Q

Apart from giving energy, mitochondria also play a role in

A

Apoptosis (killing the cell) by release of enzymes from the electron transport chain

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26
Q

Membrane bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes that break down substances ingested by endocytosis and cell waste

A

Lysosomes

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27
Q

When lysosomes release enzymes in apoptosis in a process called

A

autolysis

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28
Q

2 organelles involved in apoptosis

A

Mitochondria and lysosomes

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29
Q

A series of interconnected membranes that are contiguous with the nuclear envelope.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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30
Q

Smooth ER is utilized primarily for

A
  1. Lipid synthesis
  2. Detox of drugs and poisons
  3. Transports proteins from RER to Golgi Apparatus
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31
Q

Stacked membrane bound sacs that get transferred materials from ER in vesicles

A

Golgi Apparatus

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32
Q

Materials in the Golgi can be modified by

A

adding groups like
carbs
phosphates
Sulfates

And sorting

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33
Q

After modifying in Golgi products are repackaged in

A

vesicles

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34
Q

Cells involved in secretion have high concentrations of

A

RER and Golgi

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35
Q

Peroxisomes contain

A

Hydrogen peroxides

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36
Q

One of the primary functions of perixisomes is the breakdown of very long chain fatty acids via

A

Beta-Oxidation

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37
Q

Peroxisomes participate in the synthesis of

A

Phospholipids

-And contain some enzymes involved in pentose phosphate pathway

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38
Q

Some enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway are contained in

A

peroxisomes

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39
Q

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. Microfilaments
  2. Microtubules
  3. Intermediate Filaments
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40
Q

Microfilaments are made up of polymerized rods of

A

Actin

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41
Q

Actin filaments are resistant to

A

compression and fracture

protects cells

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42
Q

Use ATP to generate force for movement by interacting with myosin in muscle contraction

A

Actin

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43
Q

_____Plays a role in cytokinesis. Forms the cleavage furrow and pinches off the connection

A

Actin Microfilaments

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44
Q

Actin is ______ Microfilaments are______

A

Solid, Hollow

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45
Q

Microtubules are made up of

A

Tubular proteins

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46
Q

Microtubules provide pathways along which motor proteins _______ & _____ Carry vesicles

A

Kinesin & Dynein

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47
Q

Motor proteins like kinesis and Dynein, binding proteins, cell adhesion molecules, immunoglobulins and ion channels are examples of

A

Non-Enzymatic Proteins

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48
Q

Cilia and Flagella are composed of

A

Microtubules

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49
Q

Projections from a cell primarily involved in movement of materials along surface of cell

A

Cilia

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50
Q

Structures composed of microtubules involved in movement of the cell itself

A

Flagella

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51
Q

Cilia and flagella structures display what arrangement of microtubules

A

9+2

9 pairs with pair in the center

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52
Q

Centrioles are found in what region of the cell

A

Centrosome

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53
Q

Centrioles are composed of

A

Microtubules

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54
Q

Structure of centrioles

A

9 Triples of microtubules with hollow center

cenTRIoles

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55
Q

Microtubules radiating from centrioles attach to chromosomes via what complex

A

Kinetochores

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56
Q

A diverse group of filamentous proteins that include keratin and desmin

A

Intermediate filaments

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57
Q
  • Element of cytoskeleton involved in cell-to-cell adhesion and maintain overall integrity.
  • Able to withstand a lot of tension
  • Anchor organelles
A

Intermediate fibers

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58
Q

Organizing centers for microtubules?

Structure?

A

Centrioles, 9 Triplets

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59
Q

Four tissue Types

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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60
Q

What tissue Covers the body and lines its cavities

A

Epithelia tissue

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61
Q

Tissue involved in absorption, secretion, and sensation

A

Epithilium

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62
Q

Epithelium are joined to an underlying layer of what tissue?

What is it called?

A

Connective tissue

Basement membrane

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63
Q

Functional parts of the organ

A

Parenchyma

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64
Q

Epithelia with one later of cells

A

Simple epithelia

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65
Q

Epithelia with multiple cell layers

A

Stratified epithelia

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66
Q

Pseudostratofied epithelia have how many layers

A

1

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67
Q

Shapes of epithilium

A

Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

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68
Q

Supports body and Provides framework for epithelial cells to carry out function

A

Connective tissue

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69
Q

Epithelial cells usually constitute what part of the organ

A

Parenchyma (Functional part)

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70
Q

Connective tissue usually main contributor to

A

Stroma (supportive structure)

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71
Q

What type of tissue is bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose, and blood?

A

Connective Tissue

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72
Q

Cells in the connective tissue produce and secrete what materials

A

Collagen and Elastin

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73
Q

Collagen and elastin form what part of connective tissue

A

Extracellular Matrix

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74
Q

Dont contain membrane bound organelles

A

Prokaryotes

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75
Q

The small circular DNA of prokaryotes are contained in

A

Nucleoid Region

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76
Q

3 domains of life

A

Archie, Bacteria, Eukarya

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77
Q

2 domains of prokaryotes

A

Archie and Bacteria

78
Q

TF: Archea are single celled organisms

A

True

79
Q

TF: Archae more similar to EUK

A

True

They are considered extremophiles

80
Q

Able to generate energy from inorganic compounds like sulfur and nitrogen based compounds like ammonia

A

Chemosynthetic (Archea)

81
Q

Similarities between Archae and Bacteria

A
  • Single circular chromosome
  • Divide by binary fission (budding)
  • Similiar Structure
82
Q

Similarities between Archae and Eukaryotes

A
  • Start translation w/ methionine
  • Similiar RNA Pol
  • Have histones
83
Q

All bacteria contain

A

-Cell membrane
-Cytoplasm
(Some have flagella or fimbriae-like cilia)

84
Q

Bacteria perform essential functions including production of

A

Vitamin K

85
Q

Symbiotic relationships

A

Both benefit from relationship

86
Q

Pathogenic bacteria

A

Provide no advantage, cause disease

87
Q

3 Shapes of prokariotics

A

Bacilli (Rod shaped)
Spirilli (Spiral)
Cocci (Spherical)

BSC

88
Q

Bacteria that require oxygen for metabolism

A

Obligate Aerobes

89
Q

Bacteria that use fermentation or other forms of cellular metabolism

A

Anaerobes

90
Q

Anaerobes that can’t live in oxygen environment (are killed by oxygen)

A

Obligate Anaerobes
(Are killed by oxygen)

-Unlike aerotolerant anaerobes which don’t use oxygen but don’t kill it

91
Q

Bacteria that can toggle between metabolic processes, using oxygen for aerobic metabolism if it is present, and switching to anaerobic metabolism if it is not

A

Facultative Anaerobes

92
Q

Bacteria that are unable to use oxygen for metabolism but aren’t harmed by its presence

A

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

93
Q

The envelope of the bacteria is composed of

A

Cell wall and cell membrane

94
Q

2 Main Types of cell walls in bacteria

A

Gram positive and gram negative

95
Q

If envelope of bacteria absorbs crystal violet stain it is deep purple and

A

Gram +

96
Q

If bacterial envelope doesn’t absorb crystal violet stain but absorbs safranin counterstain it is pink-red and

A

Gram negative

97
Q

Gram positive cell walls consists of a thick layer of

A

Peptigoglycan

Made of amino acids and sugar

98
Q

Gram positive bacteria contains peptidoglycan in its cell wall and

A

Lipoteichoic Acid

-Function is unknown

99
Q

The human immune system responds to components of the ______ in bacteria

A

Cell wall

100
Q

Gram negative bacteria have outer membrane and its contains

A

Phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides

101
Q

Long whiplike structures used for propulsion

A

Flagella

102
Q

“ability of a cell to detect chemical stimuli and move toward or away from them”

A

Chemotaxis

103
Q

Flagella are composed of

A

Filament, basal body, and hook

104
Q

The filament of the flagella is a hollow helical structure composed of

A

Flagellin

105
Q

Motor of the flagellum that also anchors flagellum

A

Basal Body

106
Q

“connects the filament of the flagellum and the basal body so that, as the basal body rotates, it exerts torque on the filament, which can thereby spin and propel the bacterium forward”

A

The Hook

107
Q

TF- Bacteria don’t have histones

A

True

108
Q

“DNA acquired from external sources may also be carried on smaller circular structures known as”

A

Plasmids

109
Q

“carry DNA that is not necessary for survival of the prokaryote—and therefore is not considered part of the genome of the bacterium”

A

Plasmids

110
Q

TF: Prokaryotes and Euk have different sized ribosomes

A

True

111
Q

TF: Prokaryotes don’t have mitochondria

A

True

Cell membrane is used for the electron transport chain and generation of ATP.

112
Q

TF: Prokaryotes contain a primitive exoskeleton

A

True

113
Q

Sizes are prok ribosomes

A

30S and 50S

114
Q

Sizes of Euk ribosomes

A

40S and 60S

115
Q

Differences between euk and prok flagella

A

Euk

  • Larger, complex
  • 9+2
  • Tubulin
  • Bending Movement
  • ATP Driven

Pros

  • Smaller
  • Flagellin
  • Rotary movement
  • Proton driven
116
Q

A form of asexual reproduction seen in prok

A

Binary Fission

117
Q

Plasmids may also contain traits that increase how pathogenic a bacterium is, such as toxin production, projections that allow the bacterium to attach to certain kinds of cells, or evasion of the host’s immune system”

A

Virulence Factors

118
Q

Subset of plasmids capable of integrating into the genome of the bacteria

A

Episomes

119
Q

4 Forms of bacterial recombination process that helps increases bacterial diversity and permits evolution

A

Transformation
Conjugation
Transduction
Transposons

120
Q

“results from the integration of foreign genetic material into the host genome”

A

Transformation

Many gram negative rods able to carry out this process

121
Q

Bacterial Form of mating

A

Conjugation

122
Q

Conjugation involves two cells forming a

A

Conjugation bridge

123
Q

Bacterial Conjugation transfer is

A

Unidirectional

Always from donor Male (+) to recipient female (-)

124
Q

The conjugation bridge is made from appendages called _______ and is found on the donor male

A

Sex Pili

125
Q

In bacterial conjugation to form pili, bacteria must contain plasmids known as

A

Sex Factor (contains necessary genes for conjugation)

The most studied sex factor is the F (fertility) factor

126
Q

Bacteria possessing the F or Fertility Factor plasmids are termed

A

F+ Cells

Those that don’t are F- Cells

127
Q

“During conjugation between an F+ and an F– cell, the F+ cell replicates its F factor and donates the copy to the recipient, converting it to an”

A

F+

128
Q

The only genetic recombination process that requires a vector

A

Transduction

129
Q

The vector in transduction is

A

A virus

“bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) can accidentally trap a segment of host DNA during assembly. When the bacteriophage infects another bacterium, it can release this trapped DNA into the new host cell. ”

130
Q

“genetic elements capable of inserting and removing themselves from the genome.”

A

Transposons

  • Also seen in Eukaryotes!
  • If a transposon is inserted within a coding region of a gene, that gene may be disrupted.
131
Q

4 Phases of the Bacterial growth phase

A
  1. Lag phase
  2. Exponential Phase
  3. Stationary Phase
  4. Death Phase
132
Q

“In a new environment, the bacteria first adapt to the new local conditions during the”

A

Lag Phase

133
Q

“As the bacteria adapt, growth increases, causing an exponential increase in the number of bacteria in the colony during the”

A

Exponential Phase (Log Phase)

134
Q

“ As the number of bacteria in the colony grows, resources are often reduced. The reduction of resources slows reproduction, and the _______phase results

A

Stationary

135
Q

“After the bacteria have exceeded the ability of the environment to support the number of bacteria the ________Phase results

A

Death

136
Q

Bacterial growth curve is what type of plot

A

Semilog plot

“The fact that the y-axis is logarithmic means that a straight line (as seen during the exponential phase) actually represents an exponential increase in the number of bacteria, not a linear increase. ”

137
Q

Euk are about _____times larger than Bacteria

A

10 Times

138
Q

Size of virus range is

A

0.02-0.3 micrometers

Prok are 1-10 micrometers

139
Q

TF: Viruses lack organelles and nucleus

A

True

140
Q

Virus genetic information may be

A
  • RNA or DNA
  • Circular or Linear
  • Single or Double Stranded
141
Q

Virus protein coat known as

A

Capsid

142
Q

Virus envelope composed of

A

Phospholipids

143
Q

Enveloped viruses easier to kill because

A

Envelope sensitive to heat, detergents, desiccation

144
Q

Virus envelope if present surrounds the

A

Capsid

145
Q

Viruses cannot reproduce

A

Independently

-are obligate intracellular parasites

146
Q

TF: Viruses have ribosomes

A

False!

Must replicate within host cell!

147
Q

Viral progeny are called

A

Virions

-Are release to infect more cells

148
Q

Viruses that specifically target bacteria

A

Bacteriophages

  • Dont enter bacteria
  • Inject their genetic material
  • Structures stay outside
149
Q

Tail sheath of the bacteriophage can act like a

A

Syringe

-Injects material into a bacterium

150
Q

Tail fibers of a bacteriophage help to

A

recognize and connect to correct host cell

151
Q

In viral genomes, single stranded RNA may be _______ sense or _________ sense

A

Positive, negative

152
Q

In viral genomes, this type of single stranded RNA implies that the genome is directly translated to functional proteins by the ribosomes of the host cell, just like mRNA

A

Positive Sense RNA Viruses

153
Q

In viral genomes, this type of single stranded RNA require synthesis of an RNA strand complementary to the RNA strand, which can then be used as a template for protein synthesis.

A

Negative-Sense RNA Viruses

These viruses MUST carry an RNA replicase in the virion to ensure that this complementary strand is synthesized

154
Q

Enveloped, single stranded RNA virus in the family Retroviridae

A

Retroviruses

  • Usually contains 2 identical RNA molecules
  • Carry reverse transcriptase enzyme (DNA from RNA)
155
Q

HIV binds to

A

CD4 and CCR5 on cell surface

156
Q

Inserts newly synthesized HIV viral DNA into host Genome

A

Integrase

157
Q

What happens are HIV DNA integrates into host genome

A

Cell machinery transcribes viral sense back into RNA, travels to cytoplasm, ribosomes translates the viral proteins, move to cell membrane and budd

158
Q

This HIV enzyme modifies viral protein chains, enabling virions to mature into a form ready to infect a new cell

A

Protease

159
Q

3 general stages of viral life cycle

A

Infection, Translation and Progeny Assembly, Progeny release

160
Q

In order to infect a cell a virus must

A

Be able to bind to SPECIFIC receptors on host cell

-Enveloped virus fuses with PM via Endocytosis

161
Q

After viral infection of host cell, what must occur in order for virus to reproduce

A

Translation of viral genetic material

-Requires translocation of genetic material to right place in cell

162
Q

DNA viruses must go to the _____ to be transcribed to ____-

A

Nucleus, mRNA

-mRNA then goes to cytoplasm to be translated to proteins

163
Q

Positive sense RNA viruses stay where

A

In the cytoplasm, translated directly

164
Q

Negative Sense RNA virus require synthesis of complementary RNA strand via

A

RNA replicase

165
Q

TF: The viral genome must be returned to its original form before packaging

A

True

For example retrovirus must transcribe new copies of their single-stranded RNA from the DNA that entered the host genome.

166
Q

3 Ways viral progeny can be released

A
  • May initiate Cell Death (spills viral progeny)
  • Lysis of host cell because filled with large # of viroids
  • Extrusion (virus leaves by fusing w/ PM) (Allows for host cell survival)
167
Q

The the virus is in continuous use of the host cell to make viroids it is in what state

A

Productive Cycle

168
Q

Bacteriophages may enter which 2 cycles

A

Lytic or lysogenic life cycle

169
Q

During this cycle, the bacteriophage makes maximal use of the cell’s machinery with little regard for the survival of the host cell. Once the host is swollen with new virions, the cell lyses, and other bacteria can be infected.”

A

The Lytic Cycle

170
Q

During the lytic phase bacteria are termed

A

Virulent

171
Q

In this cycle, the virus will be replicated as the bacterium reproduces because it is now a part of the host’s genome as a PROVIRUS.

A

Lysogenic Cycle

Although the virus may remain integrated into the host genome indefinitely, environmental factors (radiation, light, or chemicals) will cause the provirus to leave the genome and revert to a lytic cycle at some point

172
Q

“Infection with one strain of phage generally makes the bacterium less susceptible to”

A

Superinfection or simultaneous infection

173
Q

Infectious proteins (non-living things) that cause disease by triggering misfolding of other proteins

A

Prions

Usually converse a-helical structure to b-pleated sheet.
-Reduces protein solubility and highly resistant to degradation

174
Q

“small plant pathogens consisting of a very short circular single-stranded RNA.”

A

Viroids

“can bind to a large number of RNA sequences and will silence genes in the plant genome”

175
Q

An example of a human viroid is

A

Hepatitis D virus.

Alone is benign but with Hep B infection silences hepatocyte functions

176
Q

Contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down substances ingested by endocytosis and cellular waste products. When these enzymes are released, autolysis of the cell can occur.

A

Contain

177
Q

Common examples of intermediate fibers

A

Keratin and Desmin

178
Q

“In most organs, epithelial cells form the

A

Parenchyma

179
Q

“In most organs, connective tissues form the”

A

Stroma or support Structure

180
Q

“The cell wall and cell membrane of bacteria form the ”

A

Envelope

181
Q

“Gram-positive bacteria have a thick cell wall composed of”

A

peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid

182
Q

“Gram-negative bacteria have a thin cell wall composed of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane containing

A

phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides.”

183
Q

“Prokaryotes carry out the electron transport chain using the”

A

Cell membrane

184
Q

“Plasmids that can integrate into the genome are called”

A

Episomes

185
Q

Plasmids may contain

A

Antibiotic resistance genes
or
Virulence Factors

186
Q

bacterium with a conjugative plasmid (often the F-factor) integrated into its genomic DNA.

A

A high-frequency recombination cell (Hfr cell) (also called an Hfr strain)

187
Q

Contribute fructose to nourish sperm and produce Alkaline fluid

A

Seminal Vesicles

188
Q

Produce a clear viscous fluid that cleans out any remnants of urine and lubricates the urethra during sexual arousal

A

bulbourethral glands

189
Q

Composed of sperm and seminal fluid from the glands above

A

Semen

190
Q

Four haploid sperm are produced from a spermatogonium

A

Spermatogenesis

Kaplan Biology (10 decks)

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