Ch 10- Excretory & Skin Flashcards

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1
Q

“As is the case in other portal systems, the efferent arterioles then form a second capillary bed. These capillaries surround the loop of Henle and are known as

A

vasa recta

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2
Q

“Around the glomerulus is a cuplike structure known as

A

Bowman’s capsule”

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3
Q

Order of the tubules of the nephron

A

“proximal convoluted tubule, descending and ascending limbs of the Loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting duct.”

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4
Q

“The bladder has a muscular lining known as the

A

detrusor muscle

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5
Q

___________ activity causes the detrusor muscle to contract.”

A

Parasympathetic

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6
Q

“The internal urethral sphincter, consisting of smooth muscle, is contracted in its normal state. Because the internal sphincter is made of smooth muscle, it is under _________ control. The external urethral sphincter consists of skeletal muscle and is under ________ control. ”

A

Involuntary, Voluntary

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7
Q

What is the micturition reflex

A

“When the bladder is full, stretch receptors convey to the nervous system that the bladder requires emptying. This causes parasympathetic neurons to fire, and the detrusor muscle contracts. This contraction also causes the internal sphincter to relax.

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8
Q

“kidney function may be divided into the three different processes:

A

filtration, secretion, and reabsorption.

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9
Q

“The movement of fluid into Bowman’s space is governed by ________, which account for the pressure differentials in both hydrostatic and oncotic pressures between the blood and Bowman’s space”

A

Starling Forces

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10
Q

“The filtrate of bowman capsule is ________ to blood so that neither the capsule nor the capillaries swell”

A

isotonic

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11
Q

“ If blood cells or proteins are found in the urine, this indicates a health problem at the level of the __________.”

Excerpt From: Kaplan. “Kaplan MCAT Biology Review: Created for MCAT 2015 (Kaplan Test Prep).” iBooks.

A

Glomerulus

“Small molecules dissolved in the blood will pass through the tiny pores (such as glucose, which is later reabsorbed), whereas large molecules such as proteins and blood cells will not.”

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12
Q

“the nephrons are able to secrete salts, acids, bases, and urea directly into the tubule by either _______ or ________ transport. ”

A

Active, passive

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13
Q

“The liver converts the ammonia to”

A

Urea (neutral compound)

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14
Q

“movement of solutes from blood to filtrate at Bowman’s capsule”

A

Filtration

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15
Q

“movement of solutes from blood to filtrate anywhere besides Bowman’s capsule”

A

Secretion

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16
Q

“movement of solutes from filtrate to blood”

A

Reabsorption

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17
Q

“Anything that makes it into the filtrate and that is not reabsorbed will be lost from the body in

A

Urine

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18
Q

“As a theme, note that segments that are horizontal in the diagram (Bowman’s capsule, the proximal convoluted tubule, and the distal convoluted tubule) are primarily focused on the _______ of the particles in the urine (keep what the body needs and lose what it doesn’t)”

Excerpt From: Kaplan. “Kaplan MCAT Biology Review: Created for MCAT 2015 (Kaplan Test Prep).” iBooks.

A

Identity

“In contrast, the segments that are vertical in the diagram (the loop of Henle and collecting duct) are primarily focused on the volume and concentration of the urine (concentrate the urine to conserve water).”

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19
Q

the segments that are vertical in the diagram (the loop of Henle and collecting duct) are primarily focused on the _____ & ______ of the urine (concentrate the urine to conserve water).”

A

Volume and Concentration

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20
Q

“Major waste products excreted in the urine:

A

Dump the HUNK

H+
Urea
NH3
K+”

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21
Q

“Solutes that enter the interstitium—the connective tissue surrounding the nephron—are picked up by the _______ to be returned to the bloodstream for reuse within the body.”

Excerpt From: Kaplan. “Kaplan MCAT Biology Review: Created for MCAT 2015 (Kaplan Test Prep).” iBooks.

A

Vasa Recta

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22
Q

“The descending limb is permeable only to

A

Water

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23
Q

“Together, the vasa recta and nephron create a

A

countercurrent multiplier system”

“What is meant by this is that the flow of filtrate through the loop of Henle is in the opposite direction from the flow of blood through the vasa recta. If the two flowed in the same direction, they would quickly reach equilibrium and the kidney would be unable to reabsorb as much water. By making the two flow in opposite directions, the filtrate is constantly being exposed to hypertonic blood, which allows maximal reabsorption of water.”

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24
Q

“The ascending limb is only permeable to ____ and is impermeable to_____”

A

Salts, Water

“Here the opposite occurs: at the deeper parts of the medulla, salt concentrations are high, but decrease as the ascending limb rises. Thus, increasing amounts of salt are removed from the filtrate as it travels up the loop of Henle.”

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25
Q

“At the transition from the inner to outer medulla, the loop of Henle becomes thicker in what is termed the”

A

Diluting Segment

“These cells contain large amounts of mitochondria, which allow the reabsorption of sodium and chloride by active transport”

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26
Q

“At the beginning of the loop of Henle, the filtrate is ________ to the interstitium. Thus, from the beginning of the loop of Henle to the end, there is a slight degree of _______.

A

Isotonic, Dilution

Far more important, however, is the fact that the volume of the filtrate has been significantly reduced, demonstrating a net reabsorption of a large volume of water.

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27
Q

“Next, the filtrate enters the distal convoluted tubule (DCT). The DCT responds to ________

A

Aldosterone

Promotes sodium reabsorption

28
Q

“The final concentration of the urine will depend largely on the permeability of the collecting duct, which is responsive to both ____ & ____

A

aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin)”

29
Q

“is a steroid hormone that is secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to decreased blood pressure”

A

Aldosterone

30
Q

“Aldosterone works by

A

altering the ability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to reabsorb sodium”

“Aldosterone will also increase potassium and hydrogen ion excretion.”

31
Q

“Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also known as vasopressin) is a peptide hormone synthesized by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary in response to ________

A

high blood osmolarity”

32
Q

“ADH only governs water reabsorption and thus results in a lower blood _______. Aldosterone causes both __________ & Water reabsorption and does not change blood osmolarity.”

A

Osmolarity, Salt and Water

33
Q

Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole to the glomerulus will secondarily lead to ______ release

A

Renin

34
Q

“__________ is the “sucking” pressure that draws water into the vasculature caused by all dissolved particles. _________, on the other hand, is the osmotic pressure that is attributable to dissolved proteins specifically”

A

Osmotic Pressure, Oncotic

35
Q

“Blood osmolarity is usually maintained at approximately _____ milliosmoles (mOsm) per liter”

A

290

36
Q

is the major regulator of blood pH”

A

“The bicarbonate buffer system

“CO2 (g) + H2O (l) ⇋ H2CO3 (aq) ⇋ H+ (aq) + HCO–3 (aq)

37
Q

“When blood pH is too low, the kidneys excrete more _______ and increase reabsorption of ________, resulting in a higher pH”

A

Hydrogen ions, bicarbonate

“Likewise, when blood pH is too high, the kidneys can excrete more bicarbonate and increase reabsorption of hydrogen ions.”

38
Q

“By both weight and size, the _______ is the largest organ in our bodies”

A

skin (integument)

39
Q

3 layers of the skin starting from deepest

A

“he hypodermis (subcutaneous layer), dermis, and epidermis”

40
Q

“The epidermis is also subdivided into layers called strata. From the deepest layer outward, these are the …

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corner

COME LETS GET SUN BURNED

41
Q

“The __________ contains stem cells and is responsible for proliferation of keratinocytes, the predominant cells of the skin that produce keratin”

A

Stratum Basale

Also we find MELANOCYTES here!

“In the stratum spinosum, these cells become connected to each other; this layer is also the site of Langerhans cells”

42
Q

“In the stratum ______, the keratinocytes die and lose their nuclei”

A

Granulosum

43
Q

“The _________ is only present in thick, hairless skin, such as the skin on the sole of the foot or the palms, and is nearly transparent”

A

stratum lucidum

44
Q

“Finally, the ______ contains up to several dozen layers of flattened keratinocytes, forming a barrier that prevents invasion by pathogens and that helps to prevent loss of fluids and salt

A

stratum corneum

45
Q

“Fingernails and hair are also formed from _____ and are produced by specialized cells in the skin.”

A

Keratin

46
Q

“Melanocytes are a cell type derived from neural crest cells and found in the

A

stratum basale

47
Q

“a pigment that serves to protect the skin from DNA damage caused by ultraviolet radiation.”

A

Melanin

48
Q

“Langerhans cells are actually special macrophages that reside within __________

A

stratum spinosum.

Are antigen presenting cells

49
Q

“The dermis also consists of multiple layers. The upper layer (right below the epidermis) is the _____________, which consists of loose connective tissue. Below the ___________ is the denser reticular layer.”

A

Papillary Layer, Reticular Layer

The dermis is in Puero Rico!

Most sensory cells are located in the dermis

50
Q

Most sensory cells are located in the

A

dermis

51
Q

“sensory cells present at the epidermal–dermal junction and connected to sensory neurons. Responsible for deep pressure and texture sensation within the skin”

A

Merkel Cells (discs)

52
Q

In the dermis ______ respond to light touch; ______ respond to stretch; and, which respond to deep pressure and vibration.”

A

Meissner’s corpuscles,

Ruffini endings

Pacinian corpuscles

53
Q

“Evaporation is an ________ process and, thus, absorbs energy from the surroundings to undergo this phase change. ”

A

Endothermic

54
Q

“Thermoregulation is achieved by

A

sweating, piloerection, vasodilation, and vasoconstriction”

55
Q

“The production of sweat itself is not the main mechanism of cooling; it is the evaporation of water from the skin, which

A

Absorbs body heat

56
Q

“All preganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system and postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system are
.

A

Cholinergic

release Acetylcholine!

57
Q

requires a sizeable amount of ATP; however, a significant portion of the energy from ATP is lost as heat”

A

Shivering

58
Q

“The kidney contains a cortex and a medulla. Each kidney has a ______, which contains a renal artery, renal vein, and ureter.”

Excerpt From: Kaplan. “Kaplan MCAT Biology Review: Created for MCAT 2015 (Kaplan Test Prep).” iBooks.

A

hilum

59
Q

“The direction and rate of filtration is determined by _______, which account for the hydrostatic and oncotic pressure differentials between the glomerulus and Bowman’s space.”

A

Starling Forces

60
Q

“is the site of bulk reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, soluble vitamins, salt, and water. It is also the site of secretion for hydrogen ions, potassium ions, ammonia, and urea.”

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

61
Q

“The ________ is permeable to water but not salt; therefore, as the filtrate moves into the more osmotically concentrated renal medulla, water is reabsorbed from the filtrate”

A

descending limb of the loop of Henle

62
Q

“The ___________ is permeable to salt but not water; therefore, salt is reabsorbed both passively and actively”

A

ascending limb of the loop of Henle

63
Q

“The diluting segment is in the ________; because salt is actively reabsorbed in this site, the filtrate actually becomes hypotonic compared to the blood”

A

Outer medulla

64
Q

“The ________ is responsive to aldosterone and is a site of salt reabsorption and waste product excretion, like the PCT”

A

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

65
Q

“is a steroid hormone regulated by the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system that increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, thereby increasing water reabsorption. This results in an increased blood volume (and pressure), but no change in blood osmolarity.”

A

Aldosterone

66
Q

is a peptide hormone synthesized by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. Its release is stimulated not only by low blood volume but also by high blood osmolarity. It increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water, increasing water reabsorption. This results in an increased blood volume (and pressure) and a decreased blood osmolarity.”

A

“Antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin)

67
Q

“Sweat glands are innervated by

A

postganglionic cholinergic sympathetic neurons.”