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Physiology Fall 21' > CH. 6 Endocrine System > Flashcards

CH. 6 Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What are endocrine glands derived from?
A

epithelial tissue

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2
Q
  1. What are the primary endocrine organs?

and which is the main endocrine organ?

A
  1. hypothalamus* and pituitary gland
  2. pineal gland
  3. thyroid gland and parathyroid gland
  4. thymus
  5. adrenal glands
  6. pancreas
  7. gonads
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3
Q
  1. What are the hormones of the posterior pituitary?
A
  1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
    - also called vasopressin
    - aids in water balance and osmolarity (controls the amount of aqua pores in distal convoluted tubules and aquaduct
  2. oxytocin
    - milk ejection
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4
Q
  1. What is the purpose of the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system?
A

links two capillary beds for an exchange between blood and tissue to occur

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5
Q
  1. What is controlled by hypothalamic tropic hormones?
A
  1. Neural input (cortex and limbic system)
  2. Hormonal (released in bloodstream to circulate through body and return back to brain)
    - negative feedback
  3. Circadian Rhythm (suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus)
    - master time keeper for whole body
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6
Q
  1. What is the function of the pineal gland?
A

Secretes melatonin

- plays an important role in the timing of seasonal processes in mammals

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7
Q
  1. What are the three primary endocrine organs?
A
  1. pituitary gland
  2. pancreas
  3. gonad
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8
Q
  1. What are the hormones of the thyroid gland?
A
  1. Thyroid Hormone T4 - regulate metabolism
  2. Thyroid Hormone T3 - regulate metabolism
  3. Calcitonin - regulates calcium levels in the body
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9
Q
  1. What is secreted by the thymus and what is its function?
A

secretes thymosin

- regulates T cell function to fight disease

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10
Q
  1. What hormone is secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland? and what does it do?
A

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

  • regulates sodium and potassium levels
  • stimulates sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion by the kidney tubules
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11
Q
  1. What zone are glucocorticoids (cortisol) released from in the adrenal glands? and what does it do?
A

secreted from zona fasciculata and zona reticularis

- regulates body’s response to stress and metabolism

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12
Q
  1. What zone are sex hormones (androgens) released from in the adrenal glands? and what do they do?
A

secreted from zona fasciculata and zona reticularis

- regulate reproductive function

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13
Q
  1. What does the adrenal medulla release?
A

releases adrenaline

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14
Q
  1. What do alpha cells secrete? and what is its function?
A

glucagon - raise blood glucose levels; mobilizes energy by promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

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15
Q
  1. What do beta cells secrete? and what is its function?
A

insulin - lowers blood glucose levels; store energy by promoting protein, triglyceride, and glycogen synthesis

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16
Q
  1. What do delta cells secrete? and what is its function?
A

somatostatin - inhibits secretion of pancreatic hormones; regulates digestion and absorption of nutrients by the gastrointestinal system

17
Q
  1. What do exocrine cells of the pancreas secrete? and what are their functions?
A

acinar cells and duct cells - secrete fluid and enzymes

- secretions enter the digestive tract via the pancreatic duct

18
Q
  1. What do f cells secrete? and what are their functions?
A

pancreatic polypeptide -

19
Q
  1. What are the secondary endocrine organs?
A
  1. heart
  2. kidneys
  3. GI tract
  4. liver
  5. skin and kidneys
  6. fat
20
Q
  1. What are the 3 ways in which hormone levels in the blood are controlled?
A
  1. rate of hormone secretion
  2. amount of hormone bound to plasma proteins
  3. rate of hormone metabolism

*NOT FEEDBACK LOOPS

21
Q
  1. How are hydrophilic hormones transported?
A

This would include peptides and catecholamines

- they are dissolved in plasma

22
Q
  1. How are hydrophobic hormones transported?
A

Steroids and thyroid hormones

  • They are bound to carrier proteins
  • only free hormones can bind to receptors and be metabolized
  • binding to carrier proteins gives them longer half-life
23
Q
  1. Where are the sites of hormone metabolism?
A
  1. Target cell
  2. blood
  3. liver
24
Q
  1. Where can lipophilic hormones be stored?
A

in adipose tissue

25
Q
  1. What is an antagonism hormone interaction?
A

effects of hormone oppose each other

i.e glucagon vs. insulin

26
Q
  1. What is an additive effect hormone interaction?
A

net effect equals the sum of the individual effects

27
Q
  1. What is a synergism hormone interaction?
A

effects of two hormones favor each other but the net effect exceeds the sum of individual effects

i.e the effects of glucagon, cortisol, and epinephrine on blood glucose

28
Q
  1. What is a permissiveness hormone interaction?
A

one hormone is needed for another to exert its effects

i.e estrogen causes expression of progesterone receptors in the uterus

29
Q
  1. What is the function of prolactin? What are its hypothalamic precursor hormones?
A
  • stimulates development of the breasts and milk secretion by the mammary glands
  • Pituitary releasing hormone (+) and pituitary inhibiting hormone (-)
30
Q
  1. What is the function of thyroid stimulating hormone? What is its hypothalamic precursor hormone?
A
  • stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland
  • thyroid releasing hormone
31
Q
  1. What is the function of adrenocorticotropic hormone? What is its hypothalamic precursor hormone?
A
  • stimulates glucocorticoid secretion by the adrenal cortex

- corticotropin releasing hormone

32
Q
  1. What is the function of growth hormone? What are its hypothalamic precursor hormones?
A
  • essential for growth; stimulates bone and soft-tissue growth; regulates protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism
  • GH releasing hormone and GH inhibiting hormone
33
Q
  1. What is the function of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone? What are its hypothalamic precursor hormone?
A

follicle stimulating hormone: in females. stimulates growth and development of the ovarian follicles, estrogen secretion

in males, stimulates sperm production by the testis

luteinizing hormone: in females, stimulates ovulation, transformation of the ovarian follicle into the corpus luteum, and secretion of estrogen and progesterone

in males, stimulates testosterone secretion by the testis

  • gonadotropin releasing hormone

Physiology Fall 21' (15 decks)

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