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Physiology Fall 21' > CH. 18 Urinary System: Renal Function > Flashcards

CH. 18 Urinary System: Renal Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 main functions of the urinary system?

A
  1. regulate plasma ionic composition
  2. regulate plasma volume
  3. regulate plasma osmolarity
  4. regulate plasma pH
  5. remove metabolic waste products and foreign substances from plasma
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2
Q

What are the 4 main structures of the kidneys and what are their functions?

A
  1. kidneys: form urine
  2. ureters: transport urine from kidneys to bladder
  3. bladder: store urine
  4. urethra: excrete urine from bladder to outside of body
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3
Q

What is the renal corpuscle composed of?

A
  1. glomerulus: capillary network for filtration
  2. bowman’s capsule:
    - receives the filtrate
    - inflow to renal tubules
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3
Q

What is the renal corpuscle composed of?

A
  1. glomerulus: capillary network for filtration
  2. bowman’s capsule:
    - receives the filtrate
    - inflow to renal tubules
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4
Q

What are the differences between the cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

cortical

  • short loop of henle
  • most numeroous

juxtamedullary nephron

  • long loop of henle extends into medulla
  • responsible for the medullary osmotic gradient
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5
Q

What percent of cardiac output do the kidneys receive at rest?

A

20%

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6
Q

What does glomerular filtration refer to?

A

from glomerulus to Bowman’s capsule

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7
Q

What does reabsorption refer to?

A

from tubules to peritubular capillaries

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8
Q

What does secretion refer to?

A

from peritubular capillaries to tubules

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9
Q

What does excretion refer to?

A

from tubules out of body

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10
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate in a healthy individual?

A

125 mL/min or 180 L/day

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11
Q

What three barriers must glomerular filtrate cross in order to enter Bowman’s capsule?

A
  1. capillary endothelial layer
  2. surrounding epithelial layer
  3. basement membrane sandwiched between these two layers
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12
Q

What are the starling forces of glomerular filtration?

A
  1. glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure
  2. bowman’s capsule oncotic pressure
  3. bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure
  4. glomerular oncotic pressure
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13
Q

Which of the glomerular filtration starling forces favor filtration?

A

glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure: fairly high hydrostatic pressure

bowman’s capsule oncotic pressure: low hydrostatic pressure

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14
Q

Which of the glomerular filtration starling forces oppose filtration?

A
  1. bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure: 15 mmHg (large volume of filtrate in closed space
  2. glomerular oncotic pressure: plasma proteins in smaller volume of plasma
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15
Q

What is the equation for filtration fraction?

A

glomerular filtration rate / plasma flow rate

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16
Q

What conversion can be made for 100 mg/dL?

A

1 mg/mL

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17
Q

What does a small increase in GFR lead to?

A

large increase in volume of fluid filtered and excreted

18
Q

What are two ways that glomerular filtration rate is intrinsically regulated?

A
  1. myogenic regulation: smooth muscle in wall of afferent arteriole contract in response to stretch
  2. tubuloglomerular feedback: macula densa cells secrete paracrine factors in response to an increase in flow of fluid past them
    - smooth muscles of arterioles contract in response to these paracrines
19
Q

What is one way in which glomerular filtration rate can be extrinsically controlled?

A

a decrease in blood pressure can decrease glomerular filtration rate

19
Q

What is one way in which glomerular filtration rate can be extrinsically controlled?

A

a decrease in blood pressure can decrease glomerular filtration rate

20
Q

What does most reabsorption take place?

A

proximal tubules

21
Q

What substances only get partially reabsorbed? and which is less reabsorbed than the other?

A

urea and potassium

- urea less reabsorbed

22
Q

What is the filtration and reabsorption rate of urea?

A

filtration rate: 993 mM/day

reabsorption rate: 467 mM/day

23
Q

What is the filtration and reabsorption rate of potassium?

A

filtration: 720 mM/day
reabsorption: 620 mM/day

24
Q

Where does most solute reabsorption take place?

A

proximal convoluted tubules but some in distal convoluted tubules

25
Q

What acts as a barrier in solute reabsorption?

A

epithelial cells of renal tubules and endothelial cells of capillaries (minimal)

26
Q

What is the transport maximum?

A

rate of transport when carriers are saturated

27
Q

What is the renal threshold?

A

when solute in filtrate saturates carriers, then some solute is excreted in urine

28
Q

What does “freely filtered at glomerulus” indicate?

A

all molecules went into bowman’s capsule

i.e no glucose should appear in urine

29
Q

What is the actual renal threshold?

A

160 - 180 mg/dL

30
Q

What is a main difference between reabsorption and secretion?

A

transport mechanisms are the same, but in the opposite direction

31
Q

Where does regulated reabsorption and secretion occur?

A

distal tubules and collecting ducts

32
Q

Where does nonregulated reabsorption take place?

A

in proximal tubules

33
Q

Where does water conservation take place?

A

loop of Henle

34
Q

What are the only two substances not reabsorbed in the distal tubule and collecting duct?

A

potassium and hydrogen

35
Q

What is the equation for amount of substance excreted?

A

amount filtered + amount secreted - amount reabsorbed

36
Q

What 3 things is the amount excreted dependent on?

A
  1. filtered load
  2. secretion rate
  3. reabsorption rate
37
Q

What does it mean when the amount of solute excreted per minute is less than the filtered load?

A

solute was reabsorbed

38
Q

What does it mean when the amount of solute excreted per minute is greater than filtered load?

A

solute was secreted

39
Q

What is clearance?

A

volume of plasma from which a substance has been removed by kidneys per unit time

40
Q

What does a clearance greater than GFR indicate?

A

substance was secreted

41
Q

What does a substance less than GFR indicate?

A

substance was reabsorbed

Physiology Fall 21' (15 decks)

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