CH. 16 Respiratory System: Pulmonary Ventilation Flashcards
What is internal respiration?
- What process does it utilize?
how cells use oxygen
- oxidative phosphorylation
What is external respiration?
how do we get oxygen to blood
- occurs through exchanges between blood (i.e lungs and body tissue)
What are the 3 air passages of the head and neck?
- nasal cavities
- oral cavity
- pharynx
What are the 3 airways from the pharynx to lungs?
- larynx
- conducting zone
- respiratory zone
What are the 7 components of the conducting zone composed of?
- larynx
- glottis
- epiglottis - trachea
- bronchi
- secondary bronchi
- tertiary bronchi
- bronchioles
- terminal bronchioles
What are 3 functions of the conducting zone?
- air passageway
- increases air temperature to body temperature
- humidifies air as there is a lot of water vapor in the lungs
What is the epithelium of the conducting zone comprised of?
- goblet cells: secrete mucus
- ciliated cells: move particles toward mouth
- mucus escalator
What is the function of the respiratory zone?
- exchange of gases between air and blood
2. mechanism of action: diffusion
What are the four structures of the respiratory zone?
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveoli
- alveolar sacs
What is the epithelium of the respiratory zone comprised of?
a respiratory membrane
- epithelial cell layer of alveoli
- endothelial cell layer of capillaries
Where is the site of gas exchange in the respiratory tract?
alveoli
How do alveoli have a rich blood supply?
capillaries form sheet over alveoli
What are the differences between Type I and Type II alveolar cells?
Type I alveolar: make up wall of alveoli
Type II alveolar: secrete surfactant
How do type II alveoli maintain shape of alveoli when stretched?
surfactant is released which disrupts hydrogen bonds between water molecules
What structures make up the chest wall?
- rib cage
- sternum
- thoracic vertebrae
- muscles: internal and external intercostals, diaphragm
What gradient drives the flow of air?
pressure gradient
What does the pressure need to be for inspiration and expiration?
Inspiration: pressure in lungs less than atmospheric pressure
Expiration: pressure in lungs greater than atmospheric pressure
What is the transpulmonary pressure?
Intra-alveolar pressure - Intrapleural pressure
-distending pressure across the lung wall
What is the intra-alveolar pressure? and when is it negative/positive in relation to inspiration/expiration?
pressure of air in alveoli; what moves air in and out of lungs
- during inspiration = negative
- during expiration = positive
What is the intra-alveolar pressure? and when is it negative/positive in relation to inspiration/expiration?
pressure of air in alveoli; what moves air in and out of lungs
- during inspiration = negative
- during expiration = positive
What is the intrapleural pressure? and when is it negative/positive?
pressure inside pleural sacs
- always negative under normal conditions due to elasticity of lungs and chest wall
What is the transpulmonary pressure? and when is it positive/negative?
distending pressure across the lung wall
- always positive
How does Boyle’s law explain how air moves in and out of the lungs?
as pressure increase, volume decrease; air would passively move into lungs
What factors determine intra-alveolar pressure?
- quantity of air in alveoli
2. volume of alveoli
