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Physiology Fall 21' > CH. 16 Respiratory System: Pulmonary Ventilation > Flashcards

CH. 16 Respiratory System: Pulmonary Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

What is internal respiration?

- What process does it utilize?

A

how cells use oxygen

- oxidative phosphorylation

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2
Q

What is external respiration?

A

how do we get oxygen to blood

- occurs through exchanges between blood (i.e lungs and body tissue)

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3
Q

What are the 3 air passages of the head and neck?

A
  1. nasal cavities
  2. oral cavity
  3. pharynx
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4
Q

What are the 3 airways from the pharynx to lungs?

A
  1. larynx
  2. conducting zone
  3. respiratory zone
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5
Q

What are the 7 components of the conducting zone composed of?

A
  1. larynx
    - glottis
    - epiglottis
  2. trachea
  3. bronchi
  4. secondary bronchi
  5. tertiary bronchi
  6. bronchioles
  7. terminal bronchioles
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6
Q

What are 3 functions of the conducting zone?

A
  1. air passageway
  2. increases air temperature to body temperature
  3. humidifies air as there is a lot of water vapor in the lungs
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7
Q

What is the epithelium of the conducting zone comprised of?

A
  1. goblet cells: secrete mucus
  2. ciliated cells: move particles toward mouth
  3. mucus escalator
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8
Q

What is the function of the respiratory zone?

A
  1. exchange of gases between air and blood

2. mechanism of action: diffusion

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9
Q

What are the four structures of the respiratory zone?

A
  1. respiratory bronchioles
  2. alveolar ducts
  3. alveoli
  4. alveolar sacs
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10
Q

What is the epithelium of the respiratory zone comprised of?

A

a respiratory membrane

  • epithelial cell layer of alveoli
  • endothelial cell layer of capillaries
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11
Q

Where is the site of gas exchange in the respiratory tract?

A

alveoli

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12
Q

How do alveoli have a rich blood supply?

A

capillaries form sheet over alveoli

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13
Q

What are the differences between Type I and Type II alveolar cells?

A

Type I alveolar: make up wall of alveoli

Type II alveolar: secrete surfactant

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14
Q

How do type II alveoli maintain shape of alveoli when stretched?

A

surfactant is released which disrupts hydrogen bonds between water molecules

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15
Q

What structures make up the chest wall?

A
  1. rib cage
  2. sternum
  3. thoracic vertebrae
  4. muscles: internal and external intercostals, diaphragm
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16
Q

What gradient drives the flow of air?

A

pressure gradient

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17
Q

What does the pressure need to be for inspiration and expiration?

A

Inspiration: pressure in lungs less than atmospheric pressure

Expiration: pressure in lungs greater than atmospheric pressure

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18
Q

What is the transpulmonary pressure?

A

Intra-alveolar pressure - Intrapleural pressure

-distending pressure across the lung wall

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19
Q

What is the intra-alveolar pressure? and when is it negative/positive in relation to inspiration/expiration?

A

pressure of air in alveoli; what moves air in and out of lungs

  • during inspiration = negative
  • during expiration = positive
20
Q

What is the intra-alveolar pressure? and when is it negative/positive in relation to inspiration/expiration?

A

pressure of air in alveoli; what moves air in and out of lungs

  • during inspiration = negative
  • during expiration = positive
21
Q

What is the intrapleural pressure? and when is it negative/positive?

A

pressure inside pleural sacs

- always negative under normal conditions due to elasticity of lungs and chest wall

22
Q

What is the transpulmonary pressure? and when is it positive/negative?

A

distending pressure across the lung wall

- always positive

23
Q

How does Boyle’s law explain how air moves in and out of the lungs?

A

as pressure increase, volume decrease; air would passively move into lungs

24
Q

What factors determine intra-alveolar pressure?

A
  1. quantity of air in alveoli

2. volume of alveoli

25
Q

What occurs when lungs expand?

A
  1. Intra-alveolar pressure decreases

2. pressure gradient drives air into lungs

26
Q

What occurs as lungs recoil?

A

Intra-alveolar pressure increases

- pressure gradient drives air out of lungs

27
Q

What inspiratory muscles increase the volume of the thoracic cavity?

A

diaphragm and external intercostals

28
Q

What expiratory muscles decrease volume of thoracic cavity?

A

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

29
Q

What are the ways in which expiration occur?

A
  1. normally a passive process

2. active expiration requires expiratory muscles

30
Q

What is lung compliance? and what does a larger lung compliance allow?

A

ease with which lungs can be stretched

  • easier to inspire
  • smaller change in transpulmonary pressure needed to bring in a given volume of air
31
Q

What factors affect lung compliance?

A
  1. elasticity: more elastic -> less compliant

2, surface tension of lungs: greater tension -> less compliant

32
Q

What needs to be present to overcome surface tension?

A

surfactant secreted from type II cells

33
Q

Why is airway resistance relatively low?

A

pressure gradient is needed for air flow

34
Q

What factors affect airway resistance?

A
  1. passive forces
  2. contractile activity of smooth muscle
  3. mucus secretion
35
Q

What are two passive forces that affect airway resistance?

A
  1. changes in transpulmonary pressure during respiratory cycle
  2. tractive forces
36
Q

What enables sympathetic control of bronchiole radius?

A

norinepinephrine

37
Q

What enables parasympathetic control of bronchiole radius?

A

acetylcholine

38
Q

What is the intrinsic control of bronchiole radius comprised of?

A
  1. Histamine: bronchoconstriction

2. CO2: bronchodilation

39
Q

What are two pathological states that increase airway resistance?

A
  1. asthma

2. chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases

40
Q

What are obstructive pulmonary diseases?

A

associated with increased airway resistance

41
Q

What are restrictive pulmonary diseases?

A

more difficult for lungs to expand

42
Q

What is a forced vital capacity?

A

maximum-volume inhalation followed by exhalation as fast as possible

43
Q

What is forced expiratory volume?

A

percentage of FVC that can be exhaled within a certain time frame

44
Q

What is a peak expiratory flow rate?

A

maximum rate at which a person can exhale

45
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

total volume of air entering and leaving the respiratory system each minute

46
Q

What is the anatomical dead space?

A

air in conducting zone that does not participate in gas exchange

47
Q

What is alveolar ventilation?

A

volume of air reaching the gas exchange areas per minute

Physiology Fall 21' (15 decks)

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