Ch. 6: Cross Country Flight Planning Flashcards
What frequencies does VOR operate on?
108.0 thru 117.95
What is a VOR radial?
Magnetic bearing extending from a VOR. Projects 360 radials from the station. Radials determined by their direction from the station
How are VOR NAVAIDS classified?
Terminal, low, and high
VOR reception distances?
Terminal - 12,000’ and below: 25 miles
Low - Below 18,000’: 40 miles
High - 14,500’ +: 100+ miles
3 functional elements of GPS
Space - Satellites
Control - ground based GPA monitoring for accuracy
User - Antennas and receivers on AC
Checking Accuracy of VOR
VOT Check Ground Checkpoint Airbourne Checkpoint Dual VOR Check Selected radial over a known ground point
Purpose of RAIM
Self-monitoring function performed by GPS receiver
Ensures adequate GPS signal received
Availability can be obtained through FSS, manufacturer tool, or FAA SAPT
What is WAAS?
Wide Area Augmentation System
Ground/Satellite error correction system
Extremely accurate GPS
GPS Limitations
RAIM capability - Many don’t have RAIM. Pilot will not be aware of loss of satellites
Database currency
Antenna location
VFR Waypoints
Used as an supplementary tool to navigation. Assists with position awareness. Only used when flying VFR
Help when pilots are unfamiliar with the area, enhanced nav in class b and c, positive ID of reporting points
VHF Frequencies
118.0 thru 136.975
Ground Control Frequencies
TYPICALLY 121.6 thru 121.9
Heavy Lined Blue Box Around NAVAID
FSS frequencies 121.5, 122.2, 243.0, and 255.4 available
Thin Lined Blue Box
No standard FSS frequencies available
“R” indicates FSS is receive only
Max airspeed below 10,000’
250 Knots
If radio comms are lost in flight under VFR while operating into a tower controlled airport, what conditions must be met before landing?
Must have basic VFR Wx minimums
Visual contact must be maintained with tower
Clearance to land received
Where is aerobatic flight prohibited?
Over a congested area Over open air assembly Less than 1,500' AGL Less than 3 miles visibility Within Class B, C, D, or E airspace designated for airport Within 4NM of a federal airway
Minimum Equipment for Class A
Two Way Radio
Mode C Transponder
IFR Equipment
Minimum Equipment for Class B
Two Way Radio
Mode C Transponder
If IFR, VOR, VORTAC, or RNAV
Minimum Equipment for Class C
Two Way Radio
Mode C Transponder
Minimum Equipment for Class D
Two Way Radio
Minimum Equipment for Class E
No specific requirement
Who can operate in Class B
Private Pilot
Student Pilots may operate in Class B if in compliance with appropriate regs
Entry Requirements for Class A
ATC Clearance
Entry Requirements for Class B
ATC Clearance
Entry Requirements for C & D
Two Way Radio Communication Established
Various Types of Terminal Radar Service Available for VFR AC?
Basic Radar Services
TRSA
Class C
Class B
Basic Radar Service
Safety alerts
Traffic Advisories
Limited Radar Vectoring
Sequencing
TRSA - Terminal Radar Service Area
Radar sequencing and separation
Class C Service
Separation between VFR and IFR AC
Sequencing of VFR Arrivals
Class B
Separation between AC based on IFR, VFR, and/or weight
Sequencing of VFR Arrivals
Where is Mode C Required?
At/above 10,000’ MSL, excluding airspace below 2,500’
Mode C veil
Within/above Class C up to 10,000’
Within 10 miles of certain airports, excluding airspace outside of Class D and below 1,200’ AGL
All AC flying into, within, or across ADIZ
Max airspeed in Class C
200 knots
Class D Services
No separation
On workload permitting basis, ATC may provide radar traffic info, safety alerts, and traffic info
Examples of Class E Airspace
Class e extension Surface area for airport where control tower is not open Airspace used for transition Federal airways and RNAV routes Offshore airspace areas En route domestic areas
Purpose of Class E Transition Areas
Extend up from 700’ or 1,200’ AGL
Help separate (via cloud clearance) IFR traffic from VFR AC in vicinity
Are you required to establish contact with tower in Class E?
Yes, anytime you are operating to, from, through, or on airport with operational control tower, contact must be established 4 NM from airport up to 2,500’ AGL
How are Class E Extensions Depicted on a Chart?
Magenta dashed line
Main difference between Class G and other airspace?
Wx minimums
Class B Wx Minimums
3 miles
Clear of Clouds
Class C Wx Minimums
3 Miles
1/5/2
Class D Wx Minimums
3 Miles
1/5/2
Class E Wx Minimums - Less than 10,000’ MSL
3 Miles
1/5/2
Class E Wx Minimums - 10,000’ or above
1 Mile
1,000’ Above/1,000’ Below/1 Mile
Class G Wx Minimums -
Day
1,200’ AGL or Less
1 Mile
Clear of Clouds
Class G Wx Minimums -
Night
1,200’ AGL or Night
3 Miles
1/5/2
Class G Wx Minimums -
Day
Above 1,200’ AGL but Less Than 10,000’ MSL
1 Mile
1/5/2
Class G Wx Minimums -
Night
Above 1,200’ AGL but Less Than 10,000’ MSL
3 Miles
1/5/2
Class G Wx Minimums -
Above 1,200’ AGL &/or above 10,000’ MSL
5 Miles
1,000’ Above/1,000’ Below/1 Mile
What is a prohibited area?
Contain certain airspace where AC ops is prohibited
Established for security or other national welfare
What is a restricted area?
Ops not completely prohibited, but subject to restrictions.
Often contain invisible hazards
Must have clearance to operate contrary to imposed restrictions from controlling agency
What is a warning area?
3 NM outward from coast of US
Contains activity that may be hazardous
What is a MOA?
Military operations area -
Separates certain military training exercises from IFR traffic
VFR pilots should use extreme caution
Status may change frequently
Should contact FSS within 100 miles to receive hours of operation
What is an alert area?
May contain a high volume of pilot training or unusual type aerial activity
All aircraft are responsible for collision avoidance
When may a pilot deviate from ATC clearance?
In an emergency
Collision avoidance
Amended clearance received
Preflight action required for all flights leaving the vicinity of departure airport?
N otams W eather K nown ATC delays R unway lengths and condition A lternatives available F uel requirements T akeoff and landing distance data
Arriving AC Receiver INOP
Remain outside Class D surface area
Determine direction/flow of traffic
Advise tower of AC type, position, altitude, and intentions Request light signals
At 3-5 miles, advise tower of position and join traffic
Watch tower for light signals
Arriving AC Transmitter INOP
Remain outside Class D surface area
Determine direction/flow of traffic
Monitor frequency for landing and traffic info
Join traffic pattern
Watch tower for light signals
Acknowledge by rocking wings or flashing landing light
Arriving AC Reciever/Transmitter INOP
Remain outside Class D surface area Determine direction/flow of traffic Join traffic pattern Watch tower for light signals Acknowledge by rocking wings or flashing landing
Oxygen requirements - 12,500’ MSL - 14,000’ MSL
Required for crew for that part of flight more than 30 minutes
Oxygen requirements - Above 14,000’ MSL
Required for crew for entire duration
Oxygen requirements - Above 15,000 MSL
Required for all for entire duration
When are parachutes required on AC?
60 degrees of bank
30 degrees nose up/down
Not required for training or pilot certification as specified in FARs
What are Military Training Routes?
Used by the military to conduct low altitude, high speed training.
Routes above 1,500’ AGL developed to be flown IFR
Routes 1,500’ and below are developed to be flown VFR
What is a TRSA?
Airspaces surrounding designated airports wherein ATC provides radar vectoring, sequencing, and separation on a full time basis for all IFR and participating VFR AC.
Depicted on charts with a solid black line and altitudes for each segment
Class D portion is charted with a blue segmented line
What are ADIZ and where are they located?
Air Defense Identification Zone
Domestic - Within US along international boundaries
Coastal - Over US Coastal Waters
Distance Early Warning ID Zone - Over coastal waters of Alaska
Land Based ADIZ - US Metro Areas
Requirements to ops into, across, or within ADIZ
Flight Plan
Two Way Radio
Transponder
Position Reports - For DVFR, must provide 15 minutes prior to entry
AC position tolerances
Land based ADIZ - activated and deactivated over US metro areas as needed. Report landing or leaving
When is immediate notification of NTSB required?
AC accident
Flight control system malfunction
Crew unable to perform normal duties
Inflight fire
AC collision inflight
Property damage, other than AC, estimated to exceed $25K
Overdue AC (believed to be an accident)
Release of all or portion of prop blade from AC
Complete loss of info from more than 50% EFIS cockpit display
“Aircraft Incident”
An occurrence other than accident associated with the AC which could affect safety of ops
“Aircraft Accident”
Occurrence associated with operations of AC in which death, serious injury, or substantial damage occurs
“Serious injury”
Any injury that:
Requires hospitalization for more than 48 hours, within 7 days from date of injury
Results in fracture of bone (except fingers, nose, and toes)
Causes severe hemorrages, nerve, muscle, or tendon damage
Involves internal organ,
Involves 2nd or 3rd degree burns affecting more than 5% of body
“Substantial Damage”
Damage that substantially affects structural strength, performance, or flight characteristics of the AC
Engine failure or damage
When an accident or incident has occurred, how soon must a report to the NTSB be filed?
Within 10 days after an accident;
When, after 7 days, an overdue AC is still missing
How to determine traffic pattern at airport without operating control tower?
At airport with full/part time UNICOM, airport advisory may be obtained
Many airports have automated advisories on automated UNICOM system
Segmented circle may be available
Recommended entry and departure procedures at airports without CT?
Enter in level flight abeam midpoint of runway at pattern altitude
When departing, continue straight out or exit with a 45 degree turn beyond the departure end of the runway (left in LH pattern, right in RH pattern)
What comms procedures are recommended when departing Class D airspace?
Stay on frequency to receive traffic info
NOTAM
Time critical aeronautical info that could affect a pilot’s decision to fly. Includes runway closures, changes to status of NAVAIDS, ILS’s, FICON reports, etc.
Order of contact for arriving aircraft
ATIS
Approach Control
Control Tower
Ground Control
Order of contact for departing aircraft
ATIS Clearance delivery Ground Control Control Tower Departure Control
NOTAM Categories
(D) NOTAM - Info that requires wide dissemination. Pertains to en route NAVAIDS, civil airports, procedures, etc
FDC NOTAM - Regulatory. IFR Charts, procedures, & airspace usage
Pointer NOTAM - Points out another NOTAM
SAA NOTAM - Special Activity Airspace outside published times
Military NOTAM
Where can NOTAMS be obtained?
FSS Notice to Airman Publication DUATs vendors FAA website FIS-B
“DVFR”
Defense VFR
VFR flights operating in proximity of ADIZ
Must file flight plan
Minimum safe altitude over congested area
1000’ above tallest obstacle in 2000’ radius
