Ch. 5: Operations of Systems Flashcards
How are various flight controls operated?
Rods and cables
Flaps are manually operated. Spring Loaded so it may be used as a step ONLY when fully retracted. Set to 10, 25, and 40 degrees.
Describe landing gear system on your plane?
Fixed tricycle gear w/ steerable nose wheel
Describe brake system
Hydraulically actuated disc brakes. Hydraulic line connects each brake to master cylinder at each pilots rudder pedals
How is steering accomplished?
Nosewheel steering
System of mechanical linkage connected to rudder pedals
Describe fuel injection?
Injects fuel directly info cylinder or just ahead of intake.
6 basic components of fuel injection?
Engine driven fuel pump Fuel/air control unit Fuel manifold valve Discharge nozzles Auxiliary fuel pump Fuel pressure/flow indicators
Advantages of dual ignition
Increased safety - If one fails the engine will still operate
More complete and even combustion - Fires on both sides of cylinder and burns towards the center
Purpose of fuel vents
Provides a way of replacing fuel with outside air, preventing formation of a vacuum
Function of voltage regulator
Monitors system voltage, detects change, and makes adjustments to maintain constant voltage
Causes of carb icing
As fuel vaporizes, it causes sudden cooling. Water vapor squeezed out of cooling freezes in carb
Most likely at temps below 70 and humidity above 80 percent
Indicated by RPM/Manifold pressure drop
Op causes of detonation
Too low grade fuel
High manifold pressure combined with low RPM
High power setting with lean mixture
Extended ground operation or steep climbs (reduced cooling)
What to do if detonation is suspected?
Open cowl flaps on ground
Enrich mixture
Correct grade of fuel
Shallow climb
Monitor engine instruments
What to do if preignition is suspected?
Reduce power
Reduce climb rate
Enrich mixture
Open cowl flaps
“Absolute altitude”
Vertical distance of AC above terrain
“Pressure altitude”
Altitude indicated with altimeter set to 29.92” Hg
“True altitude”
a. True vertical distance of AC above sea level
“Density altitude”
Pressure altitude corrected for temperature
Airspeed indication errors
Position error - Static ports sensing erroneous presuure
Density error - i. Changes in altitude and temperature no compensated for by instrument
Compressibility error - Packing of air into pitot tube at high airspeeds.
Higher than normal indications
Different AC Speeds
Indicated Airspeed (IAS) Calibrated Airspeed (CAS) Equivalent Airspeed (EAS) True Airspeed (TAS)
Airspeed limitations not marked on indicator?
Va
Vlo
Vx
Vy
Color coded airspeed limitations
White arc – Flap operating range
Lower A/S limit white arc – Vso (Stall speed landing configuration)
Upper white arc - Vfe
Green arc – Normal operating range
Lower A/S limit green arc – Vsi (Stall speed in clean configuration)
Upper A/S limit green arc – Max structural cruise speed
Yellow arc – Caution range (smooth op only)
Red Arc – Never exceed speed
Limitations of Vsi
Not accurate until AC stabilized
6-9 second lag
Sudden or abrupt changes in attitude cause error
Essential properties of gyroscope
Rigidity in space
Precession
Limits of attitude indicator
Depends on make/model
Bank – Usually from 100-110 degrees
Pitch – Usually from 60-70 degrees
Will tumble if limits exceeded
Errors of attitude indicator
Mostly free of errors
Slight nose up attitude indicated at rapid acceleration
Heading indicator error and limitations
Usually around 55 degrees pitch/banks
- Will tumble and need to be reset
Will drift from its heading due to precession
Compass errors/limitations
Limits - 18 degrees angle of banks
Errors –
Oscillation – turbulence causes erratic behavior
Acceleration - ANDS
Deviation – metal in cockpit
Variation – True N vs magnetic N
Northerly turning error - UNOS
