CH 6

Question 1

Thermocline

The most pronounced thermocline

Answer 1

Temperature drops rapidly with depth. It is the deep zone of cold, stable water.
Tropical thermocline is deeper than thermocline at higher latitudes it is the most pronounced.

Question 2

Halocline

Answer 2

A zone of rapid salinity increase with depth. The halocline often coincides with the thermocline and the combination produces a pronounced pycnocline.

Question 3

Pycnocline

Answer 3

Density increases with increasing depths. This zone isolates surface water from the denser layer below. Contains 18% of all ocean water . Rapid density increase with depth is due mainly to a decrease in water temperature.

Question 4

Surface zone (mixed layer)

Answer 4

The upper layer of the ocean. Temperature and salinity are relatively constant. Contains the oceans least dense water and accounts for 2% of total ocean volume. Typically extends 150 meters(500 ft) but depending on local conditions, it may reach a depth of 1000 meters or be absent entirely.

Question 5

Deep Zone (makes up most of the ocean)

Answer 5

Lies below the pycnocline at depths below about 1000 meters. Little change in water density with increasing depth through this zone. Contains 80% of all ocean water.

Question 6

Photic zone

Answer 6

The thin film of lighted water at the top of the surface zone. May extend to 600 m but a more typical value for the ocean ocean is 100m.

Question 7

Aphotic zone

Answer 7

Dark water beneath the photic zone.

Question 8

SOFAR layer

Answer 8

Layer of minimum sound velocity in which transmission is unusually efficient for long distances. Sounds leaving this depth tend to be refracted back into it. The sofar layer usually occurs at mid-latitude depths of around 1,200m.

Question 9

Active SONAR

Answer 9

A device that generates underwater sound from special transducers and analyzes the returning echoes to gain information of geological, biological or military importance.

Question 10

Passive SONAR

Answer 10

A device that detects the intensity and direction of underwater sounds.

Question 11

Side-scan SONAR

Answer 11

A high-resolution sound imaging system used for geological investigations, archaeological studies, and the location of sunken ships and airplanes.

Question 12

What type of bond holds the 2 hydrogen and oxygen atoms together?

Answer 12

Hydrogen bonds

Question 13

What type of bond holds the water atoms together and what affects does this have?

Answer 13

Polar covalent bonds, sharing of electrons

Question 14

What does salt do to the freezing point of water?

Answer 14

It lowers the freezing point. salt particles block the water molecules from re-entering the solid phase, so more water molecules are leaving and less are entering the solid.

Question 15

When salt freezes, what is the ice made of?

Answer 15

The ice contains very little salt because the water was what froze

Question 16

Which is faster, the speed of sounds in air or in water?

Answer 16

In water

Question 17

Why is ocean water blue?

Answer 17

It is the color least absorbed by light in water

Question 18

What is the difference between latent and sensible heat?

Answer 18

Latent and sensible heat are types of energy released or absorbed in the atmosphere. Latent heat is related to changes in phase between liquids, gases, and solids. Sensible heat is related to changes in temperature of a gas or object with no change in phase.

Question 19

What happens to the environment during various phase changes?

Answer 19

Freezing: the substance changes from a liquid to a solid.
Melting: the substance changes back from the solid to the liquid.
Condensation: the substance changes from a gas to a liquid.
Vaporization: the substance changes from a liquid to a gas.
Sublimation: the substance changes directly from a solid to a gas without going through the liquid phase.
Deposition: the substance changes directly from a gas to a solid without going through the liquid phase.

Question 20

What is meant by an object having high heat capacity?

Answer 20

. Materials with high heat capacities, such as water, require greater amounts of heat to increase their temperatures than do substances with low heat capacities, such as metals

Question 21

What is meant by latent heat of fusion and vaporization?

Answer 21

Latent heat of fusion: heat removed from a liquid during freezing ( or added to a solid during thawing) that produces a change in state but not a change in temperature.

Latent heat of vaporization: Heat added to a liquid during evaporation(or release from a gas during condensation) that produces a change in state but not a change in temperature.

Question 22

What if our planet had no ocean? What would that do to the seasonal temperatures?

Answer 22

It would be dry and hot the hottest day of the year would be June not august.

Question 23

What has more of an effect on transferring heat to the poles, atmosphere or ocean currents? Why?

Answer 23

The ocean and atmosphere are connected. They work together to move heat and fresh water across the globe. Wind-driven and ocean-current circulations move warm water toward the poles and colder water toward the equator. Oceans because of latent heat vaporization

Question 24

What information does the T-S diagram give you?

Answer 24

Salinity units- parts per thousand salts

Question 25

What happens to the density of water when it freezes?

Answer 25

Density of water decreases as temperatures increase

Question 26

What are the common units for measuring salinity?

Answer 26

Parts per thousand salts

Question 27

What does the profile of density look like as you go deeper in the ocean?

Answer 27

The rapid density increase in the pycnocline is mainly due to a decrease in temperature with depth in this area. Temperature, salinity and pressure.

Question 28

What controls salinity in the ocean?

Answer 28

Affected by precipitation and evaporation

Question 29

What is refraction?

Answer 29

Bending of waves

Question 30

Know which wavelengths of light are absorbed first and last in the ocean.

Answer 30

Reds absorbed first. Blue last

Question 31

What determines the depth to which light can penetrate into the ocean?

Answer 31

The color of the ocean