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Gen. Cellular Biology > Ch. 6, 7, 8, & 9 > Flashcards

Ch. 6, 7, 8, & 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Electron microscope

A

Focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or into its surface.

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2
Q

Scanning electron microscope

A

Is especially used for detailed study of the topography of a specimen. The electron beam scans the surface of the sample usually coated with a film of gold. The excites electrons on the surface, and these secondary electrons are detected by a device that translates the pattern of electrons into an electron signal sent to a video screen. The result is a 3-D image.

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3
Q

Cell fractionation

A

The process of telling cells apart and separating major organelles and other au cellular structures from one another. The equipment used is the centrifuge.

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4
Q

All cells share the same basic features:

A

They are all bounded by a plasma membrane. Inside all cells is cytosol (cytoplasm). All cells contain chromosomes. And they all contain ribosomes.

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5
Q

Location of DNA in eukaryotic cell:

A

Most of the DNA is in the nucleus, which is bounded by a double membrane.

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6
Q

Location of DNA in prokaryotic cell:

A

DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid, which is not membrane enclosed.

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7
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Functions as a selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell.

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8
Q

Light microscope

A

Visible light is passes through the specimen and then through glass lenses.

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9
Q

Which organelle or structure is absent in plant cells?

A

centrosomes

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10
Q

In plant cells, the middle lamella _____.

A

allows adjacent cells to adhere to one another

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11
Q

Why are lipids and proteins free to move laterally in membranes?

A

There are only weak hydrophobic interactions in the interior of the membrane.

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12
Q

The Golgi apparatus has a polarity, or sidedness, to its structure and function. Which of the following statements correctly describes this polarity?

A

Transport vesicles fuse with one side of the Golgi and leave from the opposite side.
Lipids in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other.
Proteins in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other.
D) polarity characteristics of the Golgi function.

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13
Q

Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved?

A

It does not involve organelles or specialized structures, does not require oxygen, and is present in most organisms

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14
Q

Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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15
Q

Zinc, an essential trace element for most organisms, is present in the active site of the enzyme carboxypeptidase. The zinc most likely functions as _____.

A

a cofactor necessary for enzyme activity

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16
Q

Starting with one molecule of glucose, the energy-containing products of glycolysis are ____

A

2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP

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17
Q

Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate to the second law of thermodynamics?

A

As a consequence of growing, organisms cause a greater increase in entropy in their environment than the decrease in entropy associated with their growth.

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18
Q

Which of the following membrane activities requires energy from ATP?

A

movement of Na+ ions from a lower concentration in a mammalian cell to a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid

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19
Q

A noncompetitive inhibitor decreases the rate of an enzyme reaction by ___

A

changing the shape of the enzyme’s active site

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20
Q

In what way do the membranes of a eukaryotic cell vary?

A

Certain proteins are unique to each membrane.

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21
Q

The smallest cell structure that would most likely be visible with a standard (not super-resolution) research-grade light microscope is a _____.

A

mitochondrion

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22
Q

Most cells cannot harness heat to perform work because _____

A

temperature is usually uniform throughout a cell

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23
Q

Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is true?

A

Movement of cilia and flagella is the result of motor proteins causing microtubules to move relative to each other.

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24
Q

In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate

A

two molecules of ATP are used and four molecules of ATP are produced

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25
Q

Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism?

A

It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions

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26
Q

The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and, therefore, abundant in liver cells?

A

smooth ER

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27
Q

Which of the following is an example of potential rather than kinetic energy?

A

a molecule of glucose

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28
Q

When a molecule of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains a hydrogen atom (not a proton), the molecule becomes _____.

A

reduced

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29
Q

Amoebae move by crawling over a surface (cell crawling), which involves ___

A

growth of actin filaments to form bulges in the plasma membrane

30
Q

Diffusion _____

A

is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

31
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs ____

A

in both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

32
Q

When electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom, what happens? The more electronegative atom is ____

A

reduced, and energy is released

33
Q

he active site of an enzyme is the region that _____

A

is involved in the catalytic reaction of the enzyme

34
Q

The lock-and-key analogy for enzymes applies to the specificity of enzymes _____

A

binding to their substrate

35
Q

One function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to ____

A

oxidize NADH to NAD+

36
Q

A system at chemical equilibrium ___

A

can do no work

37
Q

The voltage across a membrane is called the __

A

membrane potential

38
Q

The mathematical expression for the change in free energy of a system is ΔG =ΔH - TΔS. Which of the following is (are) correct?

A

ΔG is the change in free energy.

39
Q

Cilia and flagella bend because of ____

A

a motor protein called dynein

40
Q

You are working on a team that is designing a new drug. For this drug to work, it must enter the cytoplasm of specific target cells. Which of the following would be a factor that determines whether the molecule selectively enters the target cells?

A

similarity of the drug molecule to other molecules transported by the target cells

41
Q

The sodium-potassium pump is called an electrogenic pump because it __

A

contributes to the membrane potential

42
Q

Which of the following is a major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells have more intracellular organelles than prokaryotes.

43
Q

What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily?

A

small and hydrophobic

44
Q

In respiration, beta oxidation involves the ___

A

breakdown of fatty acids

45
Q

The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction ___

A

loses electrons and loses potential energy

46
Q

According to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, phospholipids ___

A

can move laterally along the plane of the membrane

47
Q

In solution, why do hydrolysis reactions occur more readily than condensation reactions?

A

Hydrolysis increases entropy and is exergonic

48
Q

Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

49
Q

flagellum

A

motility structure present in some animal cells; composed of a cluster of microtubules within an extension of the plasma membrane.

50
Q

centrosome (not present in plant cells)

A

region where the cell’s microtubules are initiated; contains a pair of centrioles.

51
Q

microvilli

A

projections that increases the cell’s surface area

52
Q

ER

A

network of membranous sacs and tubes;active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metabolic processes; has rough and smooth regions

53
Q

peroxisome

A

organelle with various specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide as a by product, then converts it to water

54
Q

mitochondrion

A

organelle where cellular respiration occurs and mots ATP is produced

55
Q

lysosome

A

digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed

56
Q

golgi apparatus

A

organelle active in synthesis; modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products. Has two sides (cis and trans faces). Cis face is closest to ER; is the receiving side. Trans face is on the opposite side; is the shipping side.

57
Q

ribosomes

A

complexes that make proteins; free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope.

58
Q

cell wall (plant cells only)

A

outer layer that maintains cell’s shape and protects cell from mechanical damage.

59
Q

nucleolus

A

middle of the nucleus. may have one or more

60
Q

plasmodesmata (plant cells only)

A

cytoplasmic channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells

61
Q

chloroplast (plant cells only)

A

photosynthetic organelle; converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules

62
Q

central vacuole (plant cells only)

A

prominent organelle in older plant cells; functions include storage, breakdown of waste products, and hydrolysis of macromolecules; enlargement of the vacuole is a major mechanism of plant growth.

63
Q

chromatin

A

the complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes.

64
Q

endomembrane system

A

includes the nuclear envelope, the ER, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various kinds of vesicles and vacuoles, and the plasma membrane. This system carries out a variety go tasks in a cell, including synthesis of proteins, transport of proteins into membranes & organelles or out of the cell,metabolism and movement of lipids, and detoxification of poisons.

65
Q

smooth ER

A

Functions in synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of poisons, and storage of calcium ions. produces steroids( EX: hormones).

66
Q

glycoprotein

A

proteins with carbohydrates covalently bonded to them.

67
Q

transport vesicles

A

vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another

68
Q

phagocytosis

A

the way amoebas and many other unicellular eukaryotes eat; by engulfing smaller organisms or food particles.

69
Q

autophagy

A

when a damaged organelle or small amount of cytosol becomes surrounded by a double membrane (of unknown origin) and a lysosome fuses wight the outer membrane of this vesicle. the lysosomal enzymes dismantle the enclosed material, and the resulting small organic compounds are released tot he cytosol for reuse.

70
Q

contractile vacoules

A

pump excess water out of cell

71
Q

extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

collagen, glycoproteins, and integrins

Gen. Cellular Biology (6 decks)

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