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Gen. Cellular Biology > Ch. 5 > Flashcards

Ch. 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 classes of life’s organic compounds?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.

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2
Q

Which of the 3 are polymers?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. Lipids are not polymers.

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3
Q

Polymer

A

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds, much as a train consists of a chain of cars.

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4
Q

Monomer

A

The repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer.

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5
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Include sugars and polymers of sugars.

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6
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Monosaccharides are the simplest units of carbohydrates and the simplest form of sugar. They are the building blocks of more complex carbohydrates such as disaccharides and polysaccharides.

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7
Q

Disaccharide

A

Consists of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage.

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8
Q

Glycosidic linkage

A

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.

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9
Q

Polysaccharides

A

They are polymers with multiple monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages. Some serve as storage material, hydrolysis as needed to provide sugar for cells. Other polysaccharides serve as building material for structures that protect the cell or the whole organism. Their function is dependent on their sugar monomers and by the location of their glycosidic linkages.

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10
Q

Starch

A

A polymer of glucose monomers. Plants store starch, animals don’t. They are stored as granules in plastids.

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11
Q

Glycogen

A

A polysaccharide that animals store. Glycogen is a polysaccharide that is formed from excess glucose in the body. Single glucose molecules are able to form glycosidic linkages to make larger macromolecules. As we consume sugars, either in their single molecule form or in the form of starches, we break these linkages to release the glucose and monosaccharides necessary for ATP production. Any excess glucose will be stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells for future use in the event that energy needs increase dramatically.

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12
Q

Cellulose

A

A polymer of glucose, but the glycosidic linkages in these two polymers differ. An insoluble substance that is the main constituent of plant cell walls and of vegetable fibers such as cotton. It is a polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers. Termites, and cows can digest cellulose, because they have cellulose-digesting prokaryotes and protists in their digestive systems.

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13
Q

Chitin

A

A polysaccharide used by Arthropoda to build their exoskeletons. Is similar to cellulose, with B linkages, except that the glucose monomer of chitin has a nitrogen containing appendage.

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14
Q

Lipids

A

They mix poorly, if at all, with water. They vary in form and structure. They do not include true polymers and they are generally not big enough to be considered macromolecules.

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15
Q

Fat (triglyceride)

A

Large molecules assembled from smaller molecules by dehydration reactions. They are constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids.

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16
Q

Glycerol

A

An alcohol. Each of its 3 carbons has a hydroxyl group.

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17
Q

Fatty acid

A

Fatty acids are composed largely of a chain of carbon atoms bonded with hydrogen atoms. At one of the terminal ends of a fatty acid is a carboxyl group (-COOH), which is the reactive portion of the molecule and will participate in chemical reactions to make lipids and to store energy. Specifically, this carboxyl group will typically bond with one of the hydroxyl groups (-OH) on a glycerol molecule in a process known as dehydration synthesis. As this bond forms, energy is stored, and water is released as a product of the reaction.

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18
Q

Ester linkage

A

A bond formed by a dehydration reaction between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group.

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19
Q

Triacylglycerol

A

A fat made up of 3 fatty acid molecules that are each joined to glycerol by an ester linkage.

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20
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

When there are no double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain, then as many hydrogen atoms as possible are bonded to the carbon skeleton. Such a structure is said to be saturated in hydrogen so the fat is called saturated. Solids at room temperature.

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21
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

Has one or more double bonds, with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double bonded carbon. Are liquid in room temperature.

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22
Q

Trans fats

A

Unsaturated fats with trans bonds. Worse for health than saturated fats.

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23
Q

Phospholipid

A

Has only two fatty acids attached to glycerol rather than three. The third hydroxyl group of glycerol is joined to a phosphate group, which has a negative electrical charge in the cell. The two ends of phospholipids show different behavior. The hydrocarbon tails are hydrophobic. The phosphate group and its attachments form a hydrophilic head.

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24
Q

Macromolecules

A

A molecule containing a very large number of atoms.

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25
Steroids
Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings.
26
Peptide bond
The bond between amino acids. When two amino acids are posteriors so that the carboxyl group is adjacent to the amino group of the other, and they become joined by a dehydration reaction with the removal of a water molecule.
27
Polypeptide
A polymer of many amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
28
Protein
A biologically functional molecule made up of one or more polypeptides, each folded and coiled into a specific 3-D shape. All are constructed from the same set of 20 amino acids.
29
Amino acid
An organic molecule with both an amino group and a carboxyl group.
30
Enzymatic proteins
Selective acceleration of chemical reactions.
31
Defensive proteins
Protection against diseases.
32
Storage proteins
Storage of amino acids.
33
Transport proteins
Transport of substances.
34
Hormonal proteins
Coordination of an organisms activities.
35
Receptor proteins
Response of cell to chemical stimuli.
36
Contractile and motor proteins
Movement & contraction of muscles.
37
Structural proteins
Support.
38
Primary structure
The sequence of amino acids. In turn it dictates secondary and tertiary structure.
39
Secondary structure
When a protein coils and folds and it contributes to the proteins shape. It is a result of hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone. There a a helix and b pleated types of secondary structure.
40
A helix
A delicate cool held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid.
41
B pleated
Two or more segments of the polypeptide chain lying side by side are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel segments of the polypeptide backbone.
42
Tertiary structure
The overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains (R groups) of the various amino acids.
43
Hydrophobic interaction
A type of interaction that contributes to tertiary structure. Results when the exclusion of no polar substance by water molecules. Once no polar amino side chains are close together they are held together by van der waals interactions. While hydrogen bonds between polar side chains and ionic bonds between positively and negatively charged side chains also help stabilize tertiary structure.
44
Disulfide bridges
Firm where two cysteine monomers which have sulfhydryl groups on their side China are brought together by the folding of the protein. The sulfur of one cysteine bonds to the sulfur of the second, and the disulfide bridge (-S-S-) rivets parts of the protein together.
45
Quaternary structure
When a protein consists of two or more polypeptide chains aggregated into one functional macromolecule. The overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of these polypeptide subunits.
46
Sickle cell disease
One amino acid in the primary structure is replace with a different one. It affect the blood cell to look crescent shape. Since the primary structure is affected it affects all the other structures. Cause the blood to clog vessels.
47
What affects protein structure?
Secondary and tertiary structure. The sequence of amino acids determine shape.
48
Denaturation
When's proteins is unraveled and losses its native shape. Caused by environmental factors such as pH, temperature, etc.
49
Chaperonins (AKA chaperone proteins)
Protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins. They do not specify the final structure of a polypeptide. They keep the new polypeptide segregated from disruptive chemical conditions in the cytoplasmic environment while it folds spontaneously.
50
Gene
Unit of inheritance. It programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. They consist of DNA.
51
Nucleic acids
Polymers made of monomers called nucleotides. There are two types of nucleic acids. DNA & RNA. They enable living organisms to reproduce their complex components from one generation to the next. DNA provides directions for its own replication. & directs RNA synthesis.
52
Gene expression
The process by which DNA replicates itself and RNA and how it controls protein synthesis.
53
Polynucleotide
A polynucleotide is a polymer, or chain, of nucleotides. Each monomer has only one phosphate group.
54
Nucleotides
Is composed of three parts: a five carbon sugar (pentose), a nitrogen containing (nitrogenous) base, and one or more phosphate groups.
55
Nucleoside
The portion of a nucleotide without any phosphate groups.
56
Two types of nitrogenous bases
Purines and pyramidines.
57
Pyramidine
Has one six members ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. The members of the pyramidines family are cytosine (C), Thymine (T), and Uracil (U).
58
Purines
Are larger than pyramidines. They have a six members ring fused to a five members ring. The purines differ in the chemical groups attached to the rings. A, G, and C are found in both DNA & RNA. T is found only in DNA. U is only in RNA.
59
Deoxyribose
The sugar in DNA. Lacks an oxygen atom on the second carbon ring.
60
Ribose
The sugar in RNA. Does not lack the oxygen atom on the second carbon ring.
61
How nucleotide polymers are made?
The linkage of nucleotides into polynucleotides involves a dehydration reaction. In the polynucleotide, adjacent nucleotides are joined by a phosphodiester linkage (which consists of a phosphate group that links the sugars of two nucleotides. This bonding results in a repeating pattern of sugar phosphate units called the sugar phosphate backbone.
62
How the nitrogenous bases pair?
DNA: A with T & C with G. RNA: A with U & C with G.

Gen. Cellular Biology (6 decks)

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