Ch. 1

Question 1

Biology

Answer 1

The scientific study of life.

Question 2

What are the 7 components of life?

Answer 2

1.) Order 2.) Response to Environment 3.) Regulation 4.) Energy processing/Acquisition 5.) Reproduction 6.) Growth & Development 7.) Evolutionary Adaptation

Question 3

Organelle

Answer 3

Smaller than a cell and can do functions within itself.

Question 4

Levels of Biological Organization

Answer 4

Atoms make Molecules. Molecules make Organelles. Organelles make Cells. Cells make up Tissues. Tissues make up Organs. Organs make Organ Systems. Organ Systems make Organisms. Organisms make up Population. Populations make up Communities. Communities & non-living things make up Ecosystems. All Ecosystems make up the Biosphere.

Question 5

Biotic

Answer 5

Living

Question 6

Abiotic

Answer 6

Not living

Question 7

Prefix (A-)

Answer 7

Means w/out

Question 8

Reductionism

Answer 8

An approach which reduces complex systems into simpler components that are more manageable to study.

Question 9

Emergent properties

Answer 9

Result from the arrangement & interaction of parts w/in a system. They are not unique to life. They characterize non biological entities too.

Ex. A functioning bike emerges only when all of the necessary parts connect in the correct way.

Question 10

Systems biology

Answer 10

The exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions among its parts. Constructs models for the dynamic behavior of whole biological system.

Ex. We can ask how a drug that lowers blood pressure affects the functioning or organs throughout the human body. At a larger scale, how does a gradual increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide alter ecosystems & the entire biosphere? Systems biology can be used to study life at all levels.

Question 11

Eukaryotic cell

Answer 11

A type of cell w/a membrane enclosed nucleus & membrane enclosed organelles. Organisms w/eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes.

Question 12

Prokaryotic cell

Answer 12

A type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus & membrane enclosed organelles. Organisms w/prokaryotic cells (bacteria & archaea) are called prokaryotes.

Question 13

DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid)

Answer 13

The genetic material inside chromosomes. A nucleus acid molecule made up of 2 long chains (strands) arranged in a double helix. Each chain is made up of chemical building blocks (nucleotides).  
DNA nucleotide structure:
A     C
|       |
T      G

Question 14

Gene

Answer 14

A unit of hereditary that’s transferred from a parent to offspring & is held to determine some characteristics of offspring.

Question 15

RNA(ribonucleic acid)

Answer 15

A type of nucleic acid. Usually single stranded; functions in protein synthesis, in gene regulation, & as the genome of some viruses.

RNA nucleotide structure:
A C
| |
U G

Question 16

Gene expression

Answer 16

The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins & instead function as RNAs.

Question 17

Genome

Answer 17

The complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.

Question 18

Genomics

Answer 18

The systematical study of while sets of genes (or other DNA) & their interactions w/in a species as well as genome comparisons between species.

Question 19

Proteomics

Answer 19

The systematic study of sets of proteins & their properties, including their abundance, chemical modifications, & interactions.

Question 20

Proteome

Answer 20

The entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell or group of cells.

Question 21

Bioinformatics

Answer 21

The use of computer all tools, to store, organize & analyze the huge volume of data that results from hight-through put methods.

Question 22

High through put technology

Answer 22

Tools that can analyze many biological samples very fast.

Question 23

Interdisciplinary research teams

Answer 23

Groups of diverse specialists (computer scientists, mathematicians, engineers, etc.) who aim to learn how activities of all proteins & non translated RNAs encoded by DNA are coordinated in cells & whole organisms.

Question 24

Producer

Answer 24

Organisms that produce food through photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, etc.

Question 25

Consumer

Answer 25

Organisms that feed on producers and other consumers.

Question 26

Feedback regulation

Answer 26

When the output or product of a process regulates that very process.

Question 27

Negative feedback

Answer 27

A loop in which the response reduces the initial stimulus.

Question 28

Positive feedback

Answer 28

An end product speeds up its own production.

Question 29

Classifying life

Answer 29

Species>Genus>Family>Order>Class>Phylum>Kingdom>Domain

Question 30

The 3 domains of life

Answer 30

1.) Domain Bacteria 2.) Domain Archaea 3.) Domain Eukarya ``` #1 & 2 are prokaryotic #3 includes 3 kingdoms of multicellular eukaryotes: 1.) Kingdom plantae (terrestrial multicellular eukaryotes {land plants} that use photosynthesis). 2.) Kingdom fungi (fungi, etc, that absorb nutrients from outside their bodies). 3.) Kingdom animal is (multicellular eukaryotes that ingest other organisms). ```

Question 31

3 important research developments

Answer 31

1.) Bioinformatics 2.) High through out technology 3.) Interdisciplinary research teams

Question 32

Natural selection

Answer 32

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive & reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

Question 33

Binomial nomenclature

Answer 33

How you name stuff with 2 names.

Question 34

Science

Answer 34

A way of knowing/an approach to understanding the natural world. Derived from Latin & means "to know".

Question 35

Inquiry

Answer 35

A search for info & explanations of natural phenomena. 2 main types of scientific inquiry. 1. ) Discovery science 2. ) Hypothesis-based science

Question 36

Data

Answer 36

Recorded observations

Question 37

Inductive reasoning

Answer 37

A type of logics in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.

Question 38

Hypothesis

Answer 38

A tentative answer to a well framed question.

Question 39

Deductive reasoning

Answer 39

Type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general promise.

Question 40

Experiment

Answer 40

Involves manipulation of one factor in a system to see the effects of changing it.

Question 41

Variables

Answer 41

Factors that vary in an experiment.

Question 42

Controlled experiment

Answer 42

Designed to compare an experimental group with a control group.

Question 43

Experimental & control groups

Answer 43

Ideally only differ in 1 factor.

Question 44

Independent variable

Answer 44

A variable whose value is manipulated or changed during an experiment.

Question 45

Dependent variable

Answer 45

A variable whose value is measured during an experiment or other test.

Question 46

Theory

Answer 46

An explanation. It 1.) broader than a hypothesis 2.) generates new hypotheses 3.) is supported by a large body of evidence.

Question 47

Model organism

Answer 47

A species that is easy to grow in the lab & lends itself particularly well to the question being investigated. Helps cooperation within scientist to use the same organism for recreating experiments. Also helps to see how genes work in other organisms.

Question 48

Technology

Answer 48

Application of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose often involving industry or commerce.

Question 49

Structure equals

Answer 49

Function

Question 50

Extinct

Answer 50

Not in existence anymore.

Question 51

Extant

Answer 51

Still in existence.

Question 52

Science & technology =

Answer 52

Interdependent

Question 53

Evolution

Answer 53

The process of change that has transformed life on earth from its earliest beginning to the diversity of organisms living today. It is the fundamental organizing principle of biology.