ch 6 Flashcards
What are the four major anatomic sections of the brain?
Cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and diencephalon.
What part of the brain controls most voluntary muscle activity?
The cerebrum.
What part of the brain is responsible for coordination and balance?
The cerebellum.
What part of the brain regulates vital functions like breathing and heart rate?
The brainstem.
What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
It cushions the brain and spinal cord and provides shock absorption.
What are the three meningeal layers that protect the brain and spinal cord?
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
What is the difference between the central and peripheral nervous system?
The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord; the peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes all other nerves in the body.
What are the two main divisions of the peripheral nervous system?
Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.
What does the autonomic nervous system control?
Involuntary body functions like heart rate, digestion, and pupil dilation.
What is the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic responses?
Sympathetic: “fight or flight”; Parasympathetic: “rest and digest.”
What are the two main structural divisions of the skeleton?
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
What are the five sections of the vertebral column?
Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5 fused), coccygeal (4 fused).
How many ribs does the human body have and how are they categorized?
12 pairs total: 7 true ribs, 3 false ribs, and 2 floating ribs.
What are the main bones of the upper extremities?
Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges.
What are the main bones of the lower extremities?
Femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges.
What is the function of the musculoskeletal system?
To provide structure, support, movement, and protect internal organs.
What are the three types of muscle tissue in the body?
Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle.
Which muscle type is under voluntary control?
Skeletal muscle.
What are the two types of joints and how do they differ?
Ball-and-socket (freely movable) and hinge joints (limited movement).
What is the axial skeleton composed of?
Skull, spine, ribs, and sternum.
What is the appendicular skeleton composed of?
Limbs (arms and legs), pelvis, and shoulder girdles.
What are ligaments and tendons and how do they differ?
Ligaments connect bone to bone; tendons connect muscle to bone.
What is the main function of the thoracic cavity?
To protect the heart and lungs and assist in respiration.
What is the diaphragm and what role does it play in breathing?
A dome-shaped muscle separating the thorax and abdomen; it contracts to allow the lungs to expand during inhalation.
- What is the function of the skeletal system
support
- What is the periosteum
the fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bones
- What is bone marrow responsible for
producing red and white blood cells and platelets
- What is the primary function of red bone marrow
production of red blood cells
- What are joints
areas where two bones come together
- What is cartilage
smooth connective tissue that covers joint surfaces and allows smooth movement
- What type of joint is the shoulder
a ball-and-socket joint
- What type of joint is the elbow
a hinge joint
- What is the mandible
the lower jawbone and the only movable skull bone
- What bones form the cranium
frontal
- What is the purpose of the spinal column
to protect the spinal cord and support the head and body
- What are intervertebral discs
cartilage pads that act as shock absorbers between vertebrae
- What is the sternum
the breastbone in the center of the chest
- What three parts make up the sternum
manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process
- What is the clavicle
the collarbone connecting the sternum to the scapula
- What is the scapula
the shoulder blade
- What is the pelvis composed of
ilium, ischium, and pubis,
- What are the names of the bones in the hand
carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
- What are the names of the bones in the foot
tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
- What is the largest bone in the body
the femur
- What is the function of the patella
to protect the knee joint and assist with leg extension
- What is the tibia
the shinbone and larger of the two lower leg bones
- What is the fibula
the smaller bone of the lower leg
- What is skeletal muscle
voluntary muscle that controls body movement
- What is smooth muscle
involuntary muscle found in walls of internal organs
- Where is cardiac muscle found
in the walls of the heart only
- What is the origin of a muscle
the point of attachment to the more stable bone
- What is the insertion of a muscle
the point of attachment to the bone that moves
- What is muscle tone
the state of partial contraction that keeps muscles ready for action
- What is a tendon
tough connective tissue that connects muscle to bone
- What is a ligament
connective tissue that connects bone to bone
- What is the voluntary nervous system
the system controlling skeletal muscles
- What is the involuntary nervous system
the system controlling smooth and cardiac muscles
- What is the spinal cord
the major communication pathway between the brain and body
- What are spinal nerves
nerves that branch off the spinal cord to serve different body regions
What are the main components of the respiratory system
nose mouth throat larynx trachea bronchi and lungs
What is the primary function of the respiratory system
to provide the body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
What is the diaphragm’s role in respiration
it contracts to enlarge the thoracic cavity and draws air into the lungs
What are alveoli
tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs
What surrounds the alveoli and enables gas exchange
pulmonary capillaries
What is the epiglottis
a flap that covers the trachea during swallowing to prevent aspiration
What is the trachea
the windpipe that connects the larynx to the bronchi
What are bronchi
the two large airways that branch from the trachea into each lung
What are bronchioles
smaller branches of the bronchi that lead to alveoli
What structure is commonly known as the voice box
the larynx
What is tidal volume
the amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a single breath
What is residual volume
the air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation
What is dead space
areas of the respiratory tract where gas exchange does not occur
What is minute volume
the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs per minute
How is minute volume calculated
tidal volume multiplied by respiratory rate
What does the medulla oblongata control in relation to breathing
the rate and depth of respiration
What is oxygenation
the process of delivering oxygen to the blood
What is ventilation
the mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs
What is diffusion in the respiratory system
the movement of gases between alveoli and capillaries
What is the pleura
the double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs
What are the parietal and visceral pleura
parietal lines the chest wall and visceral covers the lungs
What is the circulatory system responsible for
transporting oxygen nutrients and waste through the body
What are the main components of the circulatory system
heart blood vessels and blood
What is the heart
a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
What are the four chambers of the heart
right atrium right ventricle left atrium left ventricle
Which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs
the right side
Which side of the heart pumps blood to the body
the left side
What is the aorta
the largest artery that carries blood from the heart to the body
What are arteries
blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
What are veins
blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart
What are capillaries
tiny blood vessels where exchange of gases nutrients and waste occurs
What is systole
the contraction phase of the heart when blood is pumped out
What is diastole
the relaxation phase of the heart when the chambers fill with blood
What is blood pressure
the force of blood against artery walls
What is perfusion
the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removal of wastes
What is hypoperfusion
inadequate circulation of blood to meet tissue needs
What are red blood cells
cells that carry oxygen using hemoglobin (RBCs)
What are white blood cells
cells that fight infection and disease (WBCs)
What are platelets
cells that help with blood clotting
What is plasma
the fluid component of blood
What is the function of the lymphatic system
to return excess fluid to the bloodstream and assist immune defense
What organ filters blood and stores red blood cells
the spleen
What are the three layers of the skin
epidermis dermis and subcutaneous layer
What is the primary function of the skin
to protect the body and regulate temperature and provide sensory input
What is the epidermis
the outermost layer of skin composed mostly of dead cells
What is the dermis
the middle layer of skin that contains blood vessels nerves and glands
What is the subcutaneous layer
the innermost layer of skin made of fat and connective tissue
What is the axial skeleton
the part of the skeleton that includes the skull spine and rib cage
What is the appendicular skeleton
the part of the skeleton that includes the arms legs pelvis and shoulder girdles
What bones form the pelvis
ilium ischium and pubis
What bones form the shoulder girdle
clavicle and scapula
What bones make up the forearm
radius and ulna
What bone is located in the upper arm
humerus
What is the name of the thigh bone
femur
What two bones form the lower leg
tibia and fibula
What bones make up the ankle and foot
tarsals metatarsals and phalanges
What bones make up the wrist and hand
carpals metacarpals and phalanges
What part of the spine supports the skull
cervical spine
What section of the spine articulates with the ribs
thoracic spine
What section of the spine bears most of the body’s weight
lumbar spine
What are the two lower segments of the spine
sacral and coccygeal spine
What are the major parts of the skull
cranium and facial bones
What bone forms the lower jaw
mandible
What bone forms the upper jaw
maxilla
What are the bones of the eye socket
part of the frontal zygomatic maxillary and sphenoid bones
What is the function of the rib cage
to protect the heart and lungs
How many ribs are in the human body
12 pairs
What are the floating ribs
the last two pairs of ribs that do not connect to the sternum
What is the xiphoid process
the lower tip of the sternum
What are intercostal muscles
muscles between the ribs that assist in breathing
What is the pharynx
the throat area where air and food pass
What is the larynx
the voice box located at the top of the trachea
What are the vocal cords
folds of tissue within the larynx that produce sound
What is the trachea made of
cartilage rings and smooth muscle
Where does the trachea split into two
at the carina
What are the names of the two main bronchi
right mainstem bronchus and left mainstem bronchus
What are alveoli surrounded by
capillary networks
What is the lung covered by
visceral pleura
What is the chest wall lined by
parietal pleura
What muscle divides the thoracic and abdominal cavities
diaphragm
What are the primary organs of the central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
What are the three major parts of the brain
cerebrum cerebellum and brainstem
What part of the brain controls vital functions
brainstem
What part of the brain coordinates voluntary movement and balance
cerebellum
What part of the brain handles conscious thought
cerebrum
What protects the brain and spinal cord
skull vertebrae meninges and cerebrospinal fluid
What is the spinal cord
the major nerve pathway between the brain and the body
What are spinal nerves
31 pairs of nerves that exit the spinal cord and control motor and sensory function
What is the function of the somatic nervous system
voluntary control of muscles
What is the function of the autonomic nervous system
involuntary control of body functions
What structures make up the digestive system
mouth esophagus stomach intestines liver pancreas and more
What is the function of the stomach
to begin digestion of food with acids and enzymes
What is the small intestine responsible for
absorption of nutrients
What is the large intestine responsible for
absorption of water and formation of solid waste
What is the liver’s role in digestion
to produce bile and metabolize toxins
What is the pancreas’ role in digestion
to secrete enzymes and regulate blood sugar
What are the accessory organs of the digestive system
liver pancreas and gallbladder
What is the main function of the urinary system
to filter and excrete waste from the blood as urine
What organs are in the urinary system
kidneys ureters bladder and urethra
What are nephrons
filtering units of the kidneys
What is the function of the reproductive system
to produce sex cells and hormones and facilitate reproduction
What are the major male reproductive organs
testes prostate and penis
What are the major female reproductive organs
ovaries fallopian tubes uterus and vagina
What is the endocrine system composed of
glands that secrete hormones
What are some major endocrine glands
pituitary thyroid adrenal pancreas ovaries/testes
What is the function of the endocrine system
to regulate metabolism growth and other body functions via hormones
