ch 6 Flashcards
Combining proteins:
Grains and nuts/seeds
Legumes and vegetables
Pita and hummus
Bread and pb
deanimation
amino group removed and converted to urea; filtered by kidneys and excreted in urine
Nitrogen must be removed
Amino acids
used to build a protein
converted to nonessential amino acid (transamination) or other compound with nitrogen
Used for energy
Converted to glucose or fat
Protein absorption
Taken in the bloodstream to the liver via the portal vein
Sequence of amino acids is
significant
Amino acid structure
Amino acids have a nitrogen and acid group and carbon and R(side chain)
20 different R’s/side chains
Different proteins have different sequences of different amino acids
protein roles
Growth and maintenance
Build new cells, replace old ones
Muscles, bones, hair, skin, etc
Antibodies
Defend against foreign substances, provide immunity
Acid base balance
Negatively charged side chains act as a buffer
Blood clotting
Transport around the body
Fluid and electrolyte balance
Proteins attract water back
Transport protein in cell membranes regulate what goes in and out
Body loses protein and
metabolic rate decreases
Protein RDA:
0.9 g/kg
t/f Most Americans meet or exceed the RDA for protein
t
t/f Amino acid supplements not considered safe
t
too much protein
Watch out for high saturated fat
Nonessential amino acids
Malnutrition:
Weight loss, slow growth
Hair loss
Increased susceptibility to infection
Impaired nutrient absorption
Impaired brain and kidney function
Kwashiorkor:
Lack of protein
Swollen belly due to edema
Often seen in weaned infants from breastmilk to high-starch, low-protein foods
Develops rapidly
marasmus
Wasting of muscle and body fat
Growth stunting
Develops gradually
t/f Growth stunting is irreversible
t
nutrigenetics
effect of genetic variation on interaction between diet and disease
People with different genes may respond differently to the same dietary pattern
nutrigenomics
effects of nutrients on the genome and expression of genes
genome
full component of genetic material in the chromosomes of a cell
epigenetics
changes in gene function apart from DNA
Vegetarian:
Lacto-ovo: (dairy and eggs, but no meat)
Lacto: (dairy, but no meat or eggs)
Don’t need to memorize
vegan
no animal products
Lacto-ovo:
(dairy and eggs, but no meat)
Lacto:
(dairy, but no meat or eggs)
vegetarian diet benefits
Less obesity/chronic disease
High fiber, fruits and veggies
Less saturated fats
vegetarian diet limitations
Low energy for kids
Fewer minerals (calcium, iron, zinc)
Less vit B-12 (only in animal products and vitamin D)
t/f Omnivore diets high in fruits and vegetables and whole grains have the same benefits seen in vegetarian diets
t
polypeptides
lots of amino acids bonded
peptide bonds
link amino acids
limiting amino acid
smallest amino acid amount we need
DIAAS
how quality is a protein
All or nothing principle
an inadequate supply of amino acids prevents protein synthesis
complementary consists of
two low quality proteins
lectins
a class of proteins that bind carbs and play a protective role in plants; used to be wrongfully blamed for diseases and etc
proteins denatured by
stomach acid
where is CCK released
SI
where does CCK travel
to pancreas
what does CCK trigger
the release of trypsin and chymotrypsin
must have adequate _ and _ for amino acid digestion
fat and carbs
proteins roles
fluid balance, vital body structures, acid base balance, immune function, energy
normal protein amount
.8g/kg
athlete protein amount
1.2-2.0g/kg
positive protein balance
growth, pregnancy, recovery, training
negative protein balance
not enough protein or calories, fever, burns, infection, kidney disease
PCM
NOT ENOUGH PROTEIN; kwashiomer, masarus
kidney disease causes
not enough protein
