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anatomy > ch 6 > Flashcards

ch 6 Flashcards

1
Q

skeletal cartilage

A

highly resilient, molded cartilage tissues that consists primarily of water

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2
Q

T/F: skeletal cartilage contains blood vessels and nerves

A

FALSE

it does NOT contain blood vessels or nerves

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3
Q

perichondrium

A

layer of dense connective tissue surrounding cartilage like a girdle
resists outward expansion

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4
Q

T/F: perichondrium contains blood vessels

A

TRUE

allows nutrient delivery to cartilage

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5
Q

what is cartilage made up of

A

chondrocytes

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6
Q

lacunae

A

small spaces/cavities

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7
Q

what are chondrocytes encased in

A

lacunae

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8
Q

what are the three types of cartilage

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

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9
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

provides support, flexibility, and resilience
contains COLLAGEN FIBERS

joints, ribs, respiratory, nasal cartilage

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10
Q

elastic cartilage

A

similar to hyaline
contains ELASTIC FIBERS

external ear and epiglottis

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11
Q

fibrocartilage

A

great tensile strength
THICK COLLAGEN FIBERS

menisci of knee, vertebral disks

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12
Q

what are the two ways that cartilage grows

A

appositional growth
interstitial growth

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13
Q

appositional growth

A

growth from the outside
new matrix laid down on surface of cartilage

bone gets thicker

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14
Q

interstitial growth

A

growth from the inside
chondrocytes within lacunae divide and secrete new matrix
expands from within

bone gets longer

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15
Q

function of bones

A

support
protection
movement
mineral + growth factor storage
blood cell formation
triglyceride (fat) storage
hormone production

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16
Q

hematopoiesis

A

production of blood cells in RED MARROW CAVITIES

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17
Q

osteocalcin

A

protein secreted by bones
regulates insulin secretion, glucose levels, metabolism

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18
Q

how many named bones are in the human skeleton

A

206

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19
Q

axial skeleton

A

long axis of body
skull, vertebral column, rib cage

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20
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

bones of upper and lower limbs
girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton

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21
Q

long bones

A

longer than they are wide
limb bones

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22
Q

short bones

A

cube shaped bones
in wrist and ankles

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23
Q

sesamoid bones

A

small, round bones embedded in tendons
vary in size

ex patella

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24
Q

flat bones

A

thin, flat, slightly curved

sternum, scapula, ribs, most skull bonesq

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25
Q

irregular bones

A

complicated shapes

vertebrae and hip bones

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26
Q

compact bone

A

dense outer layer on every bone
appears smooth and solid

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27
Q

spongy bone

A

made up of honeycomb of trabeculae

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28
Q

trabeculae

A

thin, branching structure found within spongy bone
lightweight and strong

open spaces in it filled with yellow or red bone marrow

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29
Q

periosteum

A

vascular connective tissue that covers the OUTSIDE of compact bone

fibrous layer (outer)
osteogenic layer (inner)

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30
Q

endosteum

A

vascular membrane of connective tissue that covers INSIDE portion of compact bone

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31
Q

structure of short, irregular, and flat bones

A

periosteum
compact bone
spongy bone
endosteum

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32
Q

structure of long bones

A

diaphysis
epiphysis
membranes

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33
Q

diaphysis

A

tubular shaft that forms long axis of bone

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34
Q

epiphyses

A

ends of long bones
compact bone externally
spongy bone internally

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35
Q

epiphyseal line

A

between diaphysis and epiphysis
remnant of epiphyseal plate

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36
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

growth plate in long bones
not in adults

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37
Q

red marrow

A

found within trabecular cavities of spongy bone

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38
Q

what is in the medullary cavities of newborns

A

red marrow

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39
Q

osteogenic cells

A

mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum

aka osteogenic cells

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40
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone-forming cells that secrete osteoid
made up of collagen and calcium binding proteins
actively mitotic

41
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells
no longer divide
act as stress or strain sensors

42
Q

bone-lining cells

A

flat cells on bone surfaces
maintenance and repair of bone tissue

periosteal cells (EXTERNAL bone surface)
endosteal cells (INTERNAL surfaces)

43
Q

osteoclasts

A

large cells that break down bone tissue via enzymes

44
Q

another name for compact bone

A

lamellar bone

45
Q

what is compact bone consisted of

A

osteon (Haversian system)
canals and canaliculi
interstitial and circumferential lamellae

46
Q

osteon (Haversian system)

A

structural unit of compact bone
surrounded by lamellae

47
Q

canals and canaliculi

A

central (Haversian) canal
perforating (Volkman’s) canals

48
Q

central (Haversian) canal

A

runs through core of osteon
contains blood vessels and nerve fibers

49
Q

perforating (Volkman’s) canals

A

lined with endosteum
connects blood and nerve supply to periosteum

50
Q

canaliculi

A

hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and to central canal

51
Q

spongy bone

A

organized along stress lines to resist stress on bone

52
Q

T/F: bone is made up of organic and inorganic components

A

true!!

53
Q

ossification

A

bone tissue formation

54
Q

another name for ossification

A

osteogenesis

55
Q

endochondral ossification

A

bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
forms most of skeleton
bones are called cartilage bones

56
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

bone develops from fibrous membrane
bones are called membrane bones

57
Q

endochondral ossifcation

A

forms most bones inferior to base of skull except clavicles
requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior
begins at primary ossification center in shaft

58
Q

five steps in process of ossification

A
  1. bone collar forms around diaphysis of cartilage model
  2. central cartilage in dialysis calcifies and then develops cavities
  3. periosteal bud invades cavities, formation of spongy bone
  4. diaphysis elongates and medullary cavity forms
  5. epiphyses ossify
59
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

forms flat bones (ex. frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, clavicle)
1. mesenchymal cells cluster and become osteoblasts
2. osteoid secreted and calcified
3. woven bone formed when osteoid is laid down around blood vessels
4. lamellar bone replaces woven bone, red marrow appears

60
Q

five zones of epiphyseal plate

A

resting
proliferation
hypertrophic
calcification
ossification

61
Q

resting (quiescent) zone

A

area of cartilage on epiphyseal side of epiphyseal plate that is relatively inactive

62
Q

proliferation (growth) zone

A

area of cartilage on diaphysis side of epiphyseal plate that is rapidly dividing
new cells move and push upward, causing lengthening

63
Q

hypertrophic zone

A

area with older chondrocytes closer to diaphysis
interconnecting spaces form

64
Q

calcification zone

A

surrounding cartilage matrix calcifies
chondrocytes die and deteriorate

65
Q

ossification zone

A

chondrite deterioration leaves calcified cartilage
osteoclasts erode spicules and are covered with new bone
ultimately replaced with spongy bone
medullary cavity enlarges

66
Q

growth hormone

A

stimulates epiphyseal plate activity

67
Q

thyroid hormone

A

moderates activity of growth hormone

68
Q

testosterone

A

adolescent growth spurts in men
ends growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure

69
Q

estrogen

A

adolescent growth spurts in women
ends growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure

70
Q

bone remodeling

A

bone deposit and resorption

old bone broken down and new bone is formed

71
Q

bone resorption

A

osteoclasts break down bone tissue

72
Q

bone formation

A

osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix

73
Q

osteoid seam

A

band of unmineralized bone matrix that marks area of new matrix

74
Q

calcification front

A

abrupt transition zone between osteoid seam and older mineralized bone

75
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

produced in response to LOW blood calcium levels

stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone
calcium released into blood

76
Q

calcitonin

A

produced by parafollicular cells of thyroid gland
produced in response to HIGH blood calcium levels

77
Q

leptin

A

hormone released by adipose tissue
inhibits osteoclasts

78
Q

seratonin

A

regulates mood and sleep
interferes with osteoblast activities

79
Q

Wolf’s Law

A

bones grow or remodel in response to demands placed on them

80
Q

fractures

A

breaks

81
Q

nondisplaced fracture

A

ends remain in normal position

82
Q

displaced fracture

A

ends are not in normal alignment

83
Q

complete fracture

A

broken all the way through

84
Q

incomplete fracture

A

not broken all the way through

85
Q

open (compound) fracture

A

skin is penetrated, broken

86
Q

closed (simple) fracture

A

skin is not penetrated, broken

87
Q

reduction

A

alignment of broken bone ends

88
Q

closed reduction

A

manipulated to the correct position

89
Q

open reduction

A

surgery
pins or wires to secure end

90
Q

four major stages of bone repair

A

hematoma formation
fibrocartilaginous callus formation
bony callus forming
bone remodeling

91
Q

hematoma formation

A

clotted blood at site of break

92
Q

fibrocartilaginous callus formation

A

capillaries grow into hematoma
phagocytic cells clear debris
fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to span break
fibrocartilaginous callus formed (cartilage matrix of repair tissue)

93
Q

bony callus formation

A

trabeculae form in fibrocartilaginous callus
callus is converted to bony (hard) callus of spongy bone

lasts 2 months

94
Q

bone remodeling (bone repair step)

A

starts during bony callus formation
excess material removed
compact bone laid down to reconstruct shaft walls

fixed!

95
Q

osteomalacia

A

soft, weak bones
poorly mineralized

96
Q

rickets

A

osteomalacia in children
bowed legs
vitamin D or calcium deficiency

97
Q

osteoporosis

A

bone resorption exceeds deposit
bone mass declines

older women

98
Q

Paget’s disease

A

excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption
bone grows fast and develops poorly

Pagetic bone

anatomy (8 decks)

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