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anatomy > anatomy ch 2 lecture > Flashcards

anatomy ch 2 lecture Flashcards

1
Q

chemistry can be broken down into…

A

basic and biochemistry

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2
Q

define matter

A

anything that has mass and occupies space

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3
Q

what states does matter exist in

A

solid
liquid
gas

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4
Q

define energy

A

the capacity to do work or put matter into motion

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5
Q

what two forms does energy exist in

A

kinetic
potential

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6
Q

define kinetic energy

A

energy in action

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7
Q

define potential energy

A

stored energy

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8
Q

what are the different types of energy (4)

A

chemical
electrical
mechanical
electromagnetic

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9
Q

all matter is composed of ______

A

elements

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10
Q

what are the main 4 elements that make up the body

A

carbon
oxygen
hydrogen
nitrogen

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11
Q

define atoms

A

makes up all elements
building blocks for each element

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12
Q

define atomic symbol

A

1 or 2 letter chemical shorthand for each element

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13
Q

define planetary model

A

fixed circular paths
outdated

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14
Q

define orbital model

A

current model that depicts orbitals
more accurate

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15
Q

define atomic number

A

number of protons

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16
Q

define mass number

A

protons + neutrons

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17
Q

define isotopes

A

atoms contain same number of protons but different number neutrons

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18
Q

define atomic weight

A

average mass of all isotope forms

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19
Q

define radioisotopes

A

isotopes that decompose to more stable forms

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20
Q

define molecule

A

general term; 2 or more atoms bonded together

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21
Q

define compound

A

specific term; 2 or more DIFFERENT kinds of atoms bonded together

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22
Q

define mixture

A

2+ components that are physically intermixed

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23
Q

what are the three basic types of mixtures

A

solutions
colloids
suspensions

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24
Q

define solutions

A

homogeneous mixtures, particles are evenly distributed

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25
Q

define solvent

A

liquid that does the disolving

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26
Q

define solute

A

substance that dissolves in the solvent

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27
Q

are true solutions transparent or opaque

A

transparent

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28
Q

define colloids

A

emulsion
heterogeneous mixture

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29
Q

define sol-gel transformations

A

solution to gel

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30
Q

define suspensions

A

heterogenous mixture
settles out

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31
Q

how are mixtures separated

A

physical means

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32
Q

how are compounds separated

A

breaking chemical bonds

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33
Q

octet rule

A

shells hold a max of 8 electrons

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34
Q

define valence shell

A

outermost shell full of electrons

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35
Q

what are the three major types of chemical bonds

A

ionic
covalent
hydrogen

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36
Q

define ionic bonds

A

atoms that have gained/lost electrons
charged

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37
Q

define anion

A

negatively charged atoms

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38
Q

define cation

A

positively charged atoms

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39
Q

most ionic compounds are ____

A

salts

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40
Q

define covalent bonds

A

bonds that form by sharing electrons

41
Q

what are the two types of covalent bonds

A

polar and nonpolar

42
Q

define nonpolar covalent bonds

A

equal sharing of electrons

43
Q

define polar covalent bonds

A

unequal sharing of electrons

44
Q

define dipole

A

molecule has two different charges

45
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

not true bond, weak magnetic attraction

46
Q

define chemical reactions

A

chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken

47
Q

define synthesis reactions

A

builds up larger, more complex molecules
anabolic

48
Q

define decomposition reactions

A

break down molecules
catabolic

49
Q

define exchange reactions

A

involves synthesis and decomposition reactions
bonds made and broken

50
Q

define exergonic reactions

A

release energy

51
Q

define endergonic reactions

A

use up energy

52
Q

what affects the speed of chemical reactions

A

temperature
concentration of reactants
particle size

53
Q

define catalysts

A

increases the rate of a reaction without being used up

54
Q

what is an example of biological catalyst

A

enzymes

55
Q

define biochemistry

A

study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter

56
Q

define inorganic compounds

A

does not contain carbon
water, salts, many acids and bases

57
Q

define organic compounds

A

contains carbon
carbs, fats, proteins, nucleic acids

58
Q

what is the most abundant inorganic compound

A

water

59
Q

what are the properties of water

A

high heat capacity
high heat of vaporization
polar solvent properties
reactivity
cushioning

60
Q

define salts

A

ionic compounds that dissociate into ions in water

61
Q

define electrolytes

A

all ions
they conduct electrical currents in solution

62
Q

are acids and bases both electrolytes

A

yessir

63
Q

define acids

A

proton donors
release hydrogen ions

64
Q

define bases

A

proton acceptor
accepts hydrogen ions
releases OH- ion

65
Q

define pH scale

A

measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

66
Q

what pH is the human between

A

7.35 - 7.45

67
Q

define buffers

A

resists large changes in pH

68
Q

what molecules containing carbon are considered inorganic

A

CO2 and CO

69
Q

is carbon electroneutral

A

yes

70
Q

define carbohydrates

A

sugars and starches

71
Q

what are the three classes of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides

72
Q

what are the four main types of lipids

A

triglycerides (fatty acids)
phospholipids
steroids
eicosanoids

73
Q

what are triglycerides called when solid

A

fats

74
Q

what are triglycerides called when oil

A

oils

75
Q

what makes up triglycerides

A

three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule

76
Q

are saturated fatty acids linear or nonlinear

A

linear

77
Q

are unsaturated fatty acids linear or nonlinear

A

nonlinear
double bonding!

78
Q

what part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic

A

head

79
Q

which part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic

A

tail

80
Q

steroids are a type of ______

A

lipid

81
Q

whats the most important steroid

A

cholesterol

82
Q

what is the structure of steroids

A

four interlocking ring structures

83
Q

how many types of amino acids are there

A

20

84
Q

what are the two categories of proteins

A

fibrous and globular

85
Q

define fibrous proteins

A

structural protein
strandlike
water-insoluble
stable

86
Q

define globular proteins

A

functional protein
compact
spherical
water-soluble
sensitive to environment changes

87
Q

define denaturation

A

globular proteins unfold and lose their functional 3-D shape

88
Q

denaturation is _______ if changes are extreme

A

irreversible

89
Q

define enzymes

A

globular proteins that act as biological catalysts

90
Q

enzymes lower _______

A

activation energy

91
Q

what molecules are nucleic acids made up of

A

C H O N P

92
Q

what are the two major classes of nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

93
Q

what are the two classes of nitrogen bases

A

purines and pyrimidines

94
Q

what are the purine bases

A

adenine and guanine

95
Q

what are the pyrimidine bases

A

cytosine and thyamine

96
Q

what are the complementary base pairs

A

A + T
C+G

97
Q

how do the base pairs bond together

A

hydrogen bonding

98
Q

RNA function

A

protein synthesis

99
Q

what powers chemical reactions in cells

A

ATP

anatomy (8 decks)

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