anatomy ch 2 lecture Flashcards
chemistry can be broken down into…
basic and biochemistry
define matter
anything that has mass and occupies space
what states does matter exist in
solid
liquid
gas
define energy
the capacity to do work or put matter into motion
what two forms does energy exist in
kinetic
potential
define kinetic energy
energy in action
define potential energy
stored energy
what are the different types of energy (4)
chemical
electrical
mechanical
electromagnetic
all matter is composed of ______
elements
what are the main 4 elements that make up the body
carbon
oxygen
hydrogen
nitrogen
define atoms
makes up all elements
building blocks for each element
define atomic symbol
1 or 2 letter chemical shorthand for each element
define planetary model
fixed circular paths
outdated
define orbital model
current model that depicts orbitals
more accurate
define atomic number
number of protons
define mass number
protons + neutrons
define isotopes
atoms contain same number of protons but different number neutrons
define atomic weight
average mass of all isotope forms
define radioisotopes
isotopes that decompose to more stable forms
define molecule
general term; 2 or more atoms bonded together
define compound
specific term; 2 or more DIFFERENT kinds of atoms bonded together
define mixture
2+ components that are physically intermixed
what are the three basic types of mixtures
solutions
colloids
suspensions
define solutions
homogeneous mixtures, particles are evenly distributed
define solvent
liquid that does the disolving
define solute
substance that dissolves in the solvent
are true solutions transparent or opaque
transparent
define colloids
emulsion
heterogeneous mixture
define sol-gel transformations
solution to gel
define suspensions
heterogenous mixture
settles out
how are mixtures separated
physical means
how are compounds separated
breaking chemical bonds
octet rule
shells hold a max of 8 electrons
define valence shell
outermost shell full of electrons
what are the three major types of chemical bonds
ionic
covalent
hydrogen
define ionic bonds
atoms that have gained/lost electrons
charged
define anion
negatively charged atoms
define cation
positively charged atoms
most ionic compounds are ____
salts
define covalent bonds
bonds that form by sharing electrons
what are the two types of covalent bonds
polar and nonpolar
define nonpolar covalent bonds
equal sharing of electrons
define polar covalent bonds
unequal sharing of electrons
define dipole
molecule has two different charges
hydrogen bonds
not true bond, weak magnetic attraction
define chemical reactions
chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken
define synthesis reactions
builds up larger, more complex molecules
anabolic
define decomposition reactions
break down molecules
catabolic
define exchange reactions
involves synthesis and decomposition reactions
bonds made and broken
define exergonic reactions
release energy
define endergonic reactions
use up energy
what affects the speed of chemical reactions
temperature
concentration of reactants
particle size
define catalysts
increases the rate of a reaction without being used up
what is an example of biological catalyst
enzymes
define biochemistry
study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter
define inorganic compounds
does not contain carbon
water, salts, many acids and bases
define organic compounds
contains carbon
carbs, fats, proteins, nucleic acids
what is the most abundant inorganic compound
water
what are the properties of water
high heat capacity
high heat of vaporization
polar solvent properties
reactivity
cushioning
define salts
ionic compounds that dissociate into ions in water
define electrolytes
all ions
they conduct electrical currents in solution
are acids and bases both electrolytes
yessir
define acids
proton donors
release hydrogen ions
define bases
proton acceptor
accepts hydrogen ions
releases OH- ion
define pH scale
measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
what pH is the human between
7.35 - 7.45
define buffers
resists large changes in pH
what molecules containing carbon are considered inorganic
CO2 and CO
is carbon electroneutral
yes
define carbohydrates
sugars and starches
what are the three classes of carbohydrates
monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides
what are the four main types of lipids
triglycerides (fatty acids)
phospholipids
steroids
eicosanoids
what are triglycerides called when solid
fats
what are triglycerides called when oil
oils
what makes up triglycerides
three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule
are saturated fatty acids linear or nonlinear
linear
are unsaturated fatty acids linear or nonlinear
nonlinear
double bonding!
what part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic
head
which part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic
tail
steroids are a type of ______
lipid
whats the most important steroid
cholesterol
what is the structure of steroids
four interlocking ring structures
how many types of amino acids are there
20
what are the two categories of proteins
fibrous and globular
define fibrous proteins
structural protein
strandlike
water-insoluble
stable
define globular proteins
functional protein
compact
spherical
water-soluble
sensitive to environment changes
define denaturation
globular proteins unfold and lose their functional 3-D shape
denaturation is _______ if changes are extreme
irreversible
define enzymes
globular proteins that act as biological catalysts
enzymes lower _______
activation energy
what molecules are nucleic acids made up of
C H O N P
what are the two major classes of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
what are the two classes of nitrogen bases
purines and pyrimidines
what are the purine bases
adenine and guanine
what are the pyrimidine bases
cytosine and thyamine
what are the complementary base pairs
A + T
C+G
how do the base pairs bond together
hydrogen bonding
RNA function
protein synthesis
what powers chemical reactions in cells
ATP
