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anatomy > anatomy ch 3 lecture > Flashcards

anatomy ch 3 lecture Flashcards

1
Q

cell theory

A

1.) All living organisms are composed of cells.
2.) The cell is the basic unit of life.
3.) New cells arise only from pre-existing cells.

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2
Q

how many different cell types are in humans

A

over 250

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3
Q

three basic parts of human cells

A

plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus

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4
Q

extracellular materials

A

substances found outside of cells

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5
Q

classes of extracellular materials

A

extracellular fluids
cellular secretions
extracellular matrix

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6
Q

examples of extracellular fluids

A

interstitial fluids
blood plasma
cerebrospinal fluid

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7
Q

function of plasma membrane

A

acts as active barrier separating intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid
controls what enters and leaves cell

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8
Q

structure of plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer
membrane proteins
glycocalyx
cell junction

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9
Q

integral proteins

A

transmembrane protein
hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
transport proteins, enzymes, receptors

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10
Q

peripheral proteins

A

loosely attached to integral proteins
on intracellular surface used for plasma membrane support

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11
Q

transport proteins

A

span membrane
provide channel across for particular solute

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12
Q

glycocalyx

A

carbohydrates sticking out of cell surface
cell recognition
allows immune system to recognize self vs nonself

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13
Q

what are the three ways cells can be bound together

A

tight junctions
desmosomes
gap junctions

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14
Q

tight junctions

A

impermeable junction
prevent fluids and molecules from moving in between cells
ex. stomach lining

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15
Q

desmosomes

A

connect cytoskeletons of neighboring cells
allow “give” between cells
ex. skin

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16
Q

gap junctions

A

transmembrane proteins from tunnels that allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell
ex. involuntary muscles

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17
Q

passive transport

A

no energy required

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18
Q

active transport

A

energy (ATP) required

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19
Q

plasma membrane is _____ permeable

A

selectively

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20
Q

what are the three types of passive transport

A

simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis

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21
Q

simple diffusion

A

molecules move from high to low concentration

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22
Q

how is the speed of diffusion influenced (3)

A

concentration
molecular size
temperature

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23
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

molecules move down the concentration gradient through the use of protein channels or carriers

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24
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water molecules from high to low concentration across a semipermeable membrane

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25
Q

carriers

A

transmembrane integral proteins

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26
Q

what do carriers transport

A

specific POLAR molecules, too large for membrane channels

sugars, amino acids

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27
Q

when are carriers saturated

A

bound to molecules and busy transporting

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28
Q

channel-mediated facilitated diffusion

A

channels transport molecules down concentration gradient

ions, water

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29
Q

what are the two types of channel-mediated diffusion

A

leakage channels
gated channels

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30
Q

leakage channels

A

always open

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31
Q

gated channels

A

controlled by chemical or electrical signals

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32
Q

aquaporins

A

specific channels for water

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33
Q

osmolarity

A

the concentration of the total number of SOLUTE particles in solvent

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34
Q

T/F: osmosis results in volume changes on both sides of a semi-permeable membrane

A

true

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35
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

the force exerted by water inside the cell pushing against the cell membrane.

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36
Q

osmotic pressure

A

the force that’s needed to prevent water from moving into the cell due to differences in solute concentrations.

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37
Q

what happens to the movement of water when hydrostatic pressure = osmotic pressure

A

no net movement of water

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38
Q

tonicity

A

ability of a SOLUTION to change shape/tone of cells by altering cells internal water volume

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39
Q

isotonic solution

A

same osmolarity inside and outside cell
volume is unchanged

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40
Q

hypertonic solution

A

solution has higher solute concentration than cell
water leaves cell
cell shrinks

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41
Q

crenation

A

cell shrinks

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42
Q

hypotonic solution

A

solution has lower solute concentration than cell
water enters cell
cell swells

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43
Q

lysing

A

cell bursting

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44
Q

what are the two major active membrane transport processes

A

active transport
vesicular transport

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45
Q

why would a cell need to use active transport

A

solute too large for channels
solute is not LIPID soluble
solute is moving against concentration gradient

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46
Q

antiporter

A

transport one substance OUT and one substance IN

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47
Q

symporter

A

transport TWO different substances in the SAME direction

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48
Q

do symporters and antiporters require energy (ATP)

A

yes

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49
Q

primary active transport

A

required energy comes DIRECTLY from atp hydrolysis

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49
Q

what are the two types of active transport

A

primary and secondary

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50
Q

secondary active transport

A

required energy comes INDIRECTLY from ionic gradients created ny primary active transport

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51
Q

what are examples of primary active transport pumps

A

SODIUM-POTASSIUM
calcium
hydrogen (proton)

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52
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

NA+ out of cell
K+ back into cell

in all plasma membranes

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53
Q

vesicular transport

A

active transport involving larger particles in vesicles
endocytosis and exocytosis

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54
Q

endocytosis

A

transport INTO cell
protein coated vesicles

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55
Q

types of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor-mediated cytosis

56
Q

exocytosis

A

transport OUT of cell
secretory vesicle

57
Q

transytosis

A

transport into, across, and then out of cell

58
Q

vesicular trafficking

A

transport from one area/organelle in cell to another

59
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell eating
phagosome
moves via amoeboid motion (to creep!!)

60
Q

pinocytosis

A

cell drinking
brings in extracellular fluid
fuses with endosome

61
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

for specific molecules
receptors embedded in clathrin-coated pits

62
Q

resting membrane potential

A

electrical charge difference across cell membrane
cells with charge are POLAR

63
Q

what is a key player in resting membrane potential

64
Q

most cells have RMP around _____

65
Q

what sets RMP

A

electrochemical gradient of K+

66
Q

if Na+ enters cell what is the RMP at

67
Q

what is the primary influence of RMP

A

K+
membrane more permeable to it than Na+

68
Q

what are the two interactions between cells and their envirorment

A

cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
plasma membrane receptors

(both involve the glycocalyx)

69
Q

contact signaling

A

cells that touch recognize each other by each cell’s unique surface membrane receptors

70
Q

chemical signaling

A

interactions between receptors and ligands that cause changes in cellular activities

71
Q

what is the cytoplasm composed of

A

cytosol
inclusions
organelles

72
Q

cytoplasm

A

all cellular material located between plasma membrane and nucleus

73
Q

what are the non membranous organelles

A

ribosomes
cytoskeletons
centrioles

74
Q

what are the membranous organelles

A

mitochondria
ER
golgi
peroxisomes
lysosomes

75
Q

membranes allow _______

A

compartmentalization

76
Q

mitochondria

A

produces most of cells energy molecules (ATP) via aerobic cellular respiration

77
Q

aerobic

A

requires oxygen

78
Q

cristae

A

folds of the inner membrane in mitochondria

79
Q

mitochondria contain their own ____,____, and _____

A

DNA, RNA, and ribosomes

80
Q

what type of division can mitochondria undergo

A

fission
same type as bacteria

81
Q

ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

82
Q

what are the two forms of ribosomes

A

free (floating) and membrane bound (attached to ER)

83
Q

rough ER

A

studded with attached ribosomes
final protein produced sent to golgi

84
Q

smooth ER

A

looped tubules
lipid metabolism
absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats
detoxifies chemicals
converts glycogen to free glucose
stores and releases calcium

85
Q

golgi

A

modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins & lipids received from rough ER

86
Q

three steps in the golgi

A
  1. transport vesicles from ER fuse with face of golgi
  2. proteins/lipids taken in
  3. controls which path it will take
87
Q

peroxisomes

A

membranous sacs that DETOXIFY substances

breakdown/synthesis of fatty acids

88
Q

lysosomes

A

membranous sacs that contain DIGESTIVE enzymes

digests bacteria, viruses, toxins

89
Q

autoysis

A

cells digest themselves

90
Q

endomembrane system

A

consists of
ER
golgi
secretory vesicles
lysosomes
nuclear and plasma membranes

91
Q

function of endomembrane system

A

produce, degrade, store, export biological molecules
degrade potentially harmful substances

92
Q

cytoskeleton

A

network of rods that run through cytosol
three types

93
Q

three types of cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules

94
Q

microfilaments

A

thinnest
semi-flexible strands of ACTIN
cell motility, changes in cell shape, endo/exocytosis

95
Q

intermediate filaments

A

tough, ropelike protein fibers
helps cell resist pulling forces

96
Q

microtubules

A

largest
hollow tubes composed of proteins called TUBULINS
determine overall shape of cell

97
Q

motor proteins

A

complexes that function in motility

movement of organelles/substances around a cell

98
Q

centrioles

A

form the basis of cilia and flagella
help in cell division

99
Q

cilia and flagella

A

aid in cell movement

100
Q

microvilli

A

fingerlike projections that increase cell surface area
core of actin filaments

101
Q

nucleus

A

largest organelle
holds genetic information

102
Q

multinucleate

A

many nuclei
skeletal muscles

102
Q

uninucleate

A

one nucleus
most cells

103
Q

anucleate

A

no nucleus
red blood cells

104
Q

three main structures of nucleus

A

nuclear envelope
nucleoli
chromatin

105
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double membrane layer that encloses the nucleoplasm

106
Q

nuclear pores

A

allow substances to pass in and out of nucleus

107
Q

nucleoli

A

spherical bodies in nucleus involved in rRNA synthesis
one/two per cell

108
Q

chromosomes

A

condensed chromatin
arranged in nucleosomes
30% threadlike strands of DNA
60% histone proteins
10% RNA

109
Q

two major periods of the cell cycle

A

interphase
cell division (mitotic phase)

110
Q

interphase

A

period from cell formation to division

111
Q

interphase subphases

A

G1
S (synthetic)
G2

112
Q

G1 phase

A

cell growth and metabolism

113
Q

S phase

A

synthetic phase
DNA replication occurs

114
Q

G2 phase

A

preparation for division

115
Q

G0 phase

A

cells that permanently cease dividing

116
Q

mitotic phase events

A

mitosis
cytokinesis

117
Q

M phase stages

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

118
Q

prophase

A

early: chromatin condenses, centrosomes pushed to opposite sides of cell

late: nuclear envelope breaks up, poles of cell move farther apart

119
Q

metaphase

A

centromeres of chromosomes lined at cells equator
metahphase plate

120
Q

anaphase

A

shortest phase
chromosomes split
chromosomes pulled toward opposite sides

121
Q

telophase

A

new nuclear membranes form around each chromatin mass

122
Q

cytokinesis

A

cleavage furrow
two daughter cells are pinched apart

123
Q

what determines when a cell should or should not divide

A

go and stop signals
go: surface to volume ratio of cell, chemicals
stop: contact inhibition (availability of space)

124
Q

gene

A

segment of DNA that holds code for one polypeptide
composed of exons and introns

125
Q

exons

A

codes for amino acids

126
Q

introns

A

noncoding segments

127
Q

mRNA

A

single stranded
maintains triplet code from DNA

128
Q

rRNA

A

structural components of ribosomes

129
Q

tRNA

A

carrier of amino acids

130
Q

three phases of transcription

A

initiation
elongation
termination

131
Q

how many possible codons are there

132
Q

how many stop codons are there

A

3
UAA
UGA
UAG

133
Q

what is the start codon

134
Q

events in translation

A

initiation
elongation
termination

135
Q

what is the initiator tRNA

A

methionine

136
Q

autophagy

A

self eating
cells become obsolete/damaged and need to be taken out of system

137
Q

apoptosis

A

programed cell death

anatomy (8 decks)

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