Ch. 6; 1-4 quiz Flashcards
Spanish settlers spread into new mexico, texas, and california.
The settlers set up ranches, missions, and these military forts
presidios
Father blank is known for a line of missions that were successful in California. His missions there were more successful than those in New Mexico and Texas.
Junipere Sierra
people who believed that America should expand and own all of North America
expansionists
Belief that It was a God given right for America to own all of North America.
Manifest Destiny
worked as fur traders; explored rocky mountains and established new trails.
Mountain Men
Popular trail American settlers used to travel west
Oregon trial`
went West to escape persecution.
Mormons
leader of Mormons
Brigham Young
Treaty in 1851,this treaty bounded indians to territories away from the major trails so they wouldn’t harm travelers
treaty of Fort Laramie
small Hispanic population that lived in and defended Texas
Tejanos
was part of Mexico, a providence.
offered abundant fertile land
Texas
Mexico agreed to allow US settlers in Texas. In return for cheap land grants, Americans had to
become Mexican citizens and to worship as Roman Catholics and to accept Mexican constitution which banned slavery.
led American emigrants east to San Antonio and found the town of Austin
Stephen F. Austin
By 1835, texas had 30,000 American settlers known as
Anglo-Texans
In 1834, general blank seized power in Mexico City.
Antonio López de Santa Anna
the Texans declared their independence and adopted a republican constitution.
Their new nation became known as the blank because of the single star on its flag.
Lone Star Republic
To crush the rebellion, Santa Anna led his army north into Texas. In March 1836, his forces attacked the small Texan garrison at the blank, a fortified former mission in San Antonio.
Alamo
2 victims of the Alamo
Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett
Led by blank, the Texans drew Santa Anna eastward into a trap.In April, they surprised and crushed the Mexican army at the Battle of San Jacinto.
Sam Houston
Santa Anna signed a treaty recognizing Texan independence. He conceded generous boundaries that stretched the new republic south and west to the
Rio Grande. On paper, Texas even got half of New Mexico, including its capital of Santa Fe.
Texans elected as their first president.
Sam Houston
Sam Houston quickly asked the United States to annex Texas. Blank representatives balked at adding another slave state, especially one so big and potentially powerful.
North
Houston tried to pressure Congress by pretending to consider joining the
British
Southern expansionists supported blank of Tennessee. A Jacksonian Democrat and a slaveholder, He devoutly believed in Manifest Destiny. Whig candidate Henry Clay opposed annexation.
James K. Polk
Polk reasoned that northerners would accept the annexation of Texas if they got their own prize. He promised them the
Oregon Territory
Polk threatened to go to war with if it did not concede all of Oregon. Polk’s vow to obtain both Texas and Oregon helped him win a decisive electoral victory.
Britain
Instead, in June 1846 Polk compromised with the British, agreeing to split the Oregon Territory at the 49th parallel of latitude. The United States got the future states of
Washington, Oregon, and Idaho
Polk endorsed the Texan claim to the land south and west of the Nueces River as far as the Rio Grande. This claim tripled the traditional size of Texas..Polk sent American troops led by General blank to occupy the contested borderland between the two rivers.
Zachary Taylor
Who was in favor of war with Mexico and who was not?
favor: Democrats from South. Not: Northern Whigs
Name U.S. advantages against Mexico
It was much larger, wealthier, and more populous than Mexico.
The Mexicans lacked the industries that so quickly and abundantly supplied the Americans with arms and ammunition. The Americans also had a larger and better navy and more advanced artillery. Above all, the United States enjoyed superb officers,
Generals blank and blank received exceptional support from their junior officers
Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott
In September 1847, Scott captured blank. After little more than a year and a half of fighting, the Mexican-American War had ended in a thorough American victory.
Mexico City.
In February 1848, the defeated Mexicans made peace with the Americans. forced Mexico to give up the northern third of their country
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Polk blamed his negotiator, blank, for settling for too little.
Nicholas Trist
In the blank of 1853, the United States obtained from Mexico another 29,640 square miles in southern Arizona and New Mexico.
Gadsden Purchase
The new lands comprised
present-day New Mexico, California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and half of Colorado.`
In 1846, Whig congressman David Wilmot of Pennsylvania had proposed a law, , that would ban slavery in any lands won from Mexico
known as the Wilmot Proviso
The proposal broke party unity and instead divided Congress largely along sectional lines. Most joined all northern Whigs to support the Wilmot Proviso. joined southern Whigs in opposition.
Northern Democrats, Southern Democrats
in early 1848, workers at sawmill found flecks of gold in the American River east of Sacramento, California.
John Sutter’s
In a mass migration known as the , some 80,000 fortune seekers headed for California in search of easy riches
California Gold Rush
This mass migration grew particularly strong in 1849. About half of these traveled by land trails.
forty-niners
This gold rush attracted people from
China, around the Pacific Rim. Many fortune seekers came from South America, especially Peru and Chile
the miners used cheap metal pans, picks, and shovels to harvest gold flecks from the sand along the banks and bottoms of rivers and streams. This process was known as
placer mining.
Another method, , employed jets of water to erode gravel hills into long lines of sluices to catch the gold.
hydraulic mining
General blank quickly conquered New Mexico.
Stephen W. Kearny
the U.S. Navy helped American settlers, led by explorer blank to seize control of California.
John C. Frémont
Until they could legally join the United States, these rebels organized the short-lived…….. Frémont joined forces with Kearny to bring all of California under American control.
Bear Flag Republic
Taylor led another army deeper into northern Mexico, seizing the city of blank in September. In February 1847, Santa Anna tried to retake the city. But Taylor’s small army defeated the more numerous Mexicans at the bloody Battle of Buena Vista.
Monterrey
In March, the navy carried another American army, commanded by Winfield Scott, to the Mexican port city of
Veracruz
Scott faced bitter resistance at blank, a fortress above Mexico City
Chapultepec
The defenders included six young Mexican cadets—ranging in age from 13 to 19—who fought to the death. Today, Mexico honors the cadets who fell at Chapultepec as
Los Niños Héroes, or the Child Heroes.
Another revival of religious feeling called the blank swept the country beginning in the early 1800s and lasted for nearly half the century
Second Great Awakening
Protestant preachers started and led the Second Great Awakening. They preached that salvation was open to all, not just to an elite. These preachers were known as
revivalists,
One of the most influential revivalists was former attorney blank. In passionate sermons, He dramatically proclaimed his own faith and urged his listeners to do the same.
Charles Grandison Finney.
this blank style of worship, designed to elicit strong emotions and attract converts, proved highly successful
evangelical
Another leading preacher was blank a Yale-educated minister. Like Finney, He became known for his fiery sermons
Lyman Beecher,
In 1832, Beecher became president of the new blank. which trained more evangelical preachers to join the revival.
Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati, Ohio,
Many revivalists’ sermons featured the idea that the United States was leading the world into the millennium, or the thousand years of glory following the Second Coming of Jesus.
-Called blank the belief that the millennium was at hand inspired some reformers to try to ready their society by perfecting it through reform.
millennialism
The blank wanted the federal government to uphold the Christian Sabbath (a special day of each week reserved for worship) as a day of rest by not allowing any business transactions or mail delivery on that day.
Sabbatarians
some African Americans established their own, separate churches. Led by a former slave named Richard Allen, a group of Philadelphians formed their own church in 1787.
-African Americans in several other cities did the same. In 1816, these churches united to become the
African Methodist Episcopal (AME)
n New York State, blank spoke and wrote of visions he said directed him to found a new religious group. In 1830, Smith and a few followers organized the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, whose members are commonly called the Mormons.
Joseph Smith
In New England, members of several Puritan or Congregational churches began to argue that, instead of seeing God as a “Trinity,” people should see God as a single divine being—a unity. They organized themselves into a separate religious group called the blank after their belief.
Unitarians,
Members of the Roman Catholic Church faced particularly harsh discrimination in the early 1800s. Many Protestants viewed Catholicism as incompatible with American ideals of democracy.
They believed that Catholics would choose loyalty to the blank the leader of the Roman Catholic Church, over loyalty to the United States.
Pope
Because Irish immigrants arrived in increasingly large numbers, many feared they were growing too powerful. Those who opposed Catholic immigrants were known as
nativists
blank people also faced discrimination. Until late in the nineteenth century, state constitutions, from New England to the South, required public officials to be Christians, sometimes specifically Protestant.
Jewish
dozens of groups of Americans sought to improve their lives in a unique way.
-They chose to distance themselves from society by setting up communities based on unusual ways of sharing property, labor, and family life.
These settlements came to be called
utopian communities, or utopias,
Two well-known utopian communities were
New Harmony, in Indiana, and Brook Farm, near Boston
Another group that set up a chain of separate communal living societies was the United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing, more commonly known as the
Shakers
In New England, a group known as the blank developed a new way to look at humanity, nature, and God, and the relationship among them.
They were called this because they believed that people could transcend, or go beyond, logic or tradition in order to reach the deepest truths. They believed that individuals should listen to nature and to their own consciences
Transcendentalists
a former Unitarian minister, was the leading Transcendentalist. He celebrated the interplay between the individual and the universe in sermons, essays, and poems.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Emerson gathered a group of men and women who met regularly in his Concord, Massachusetts, home to read and talk about ways to develop a rich spiritual life for individuals and for society. They published their ideas in their magazine,
The Dial
One of Emerson’s most important followers was blank
In 1846, He was jailed after refusing to pay taxes to support the Mexican-American War, which he viewed as immoral.
He explained his thinking in a landmark essay, “Civil Disobedience,
Henry David Thoreau.
Since colonial times, most American children had been taught at home by their parents. Some communities established schools. blank created by Noah Webster in the 1780s, remained the most popular schoolbook.
The American Spelling Book
Reformers who led the blank also called the common school movement, sought to establish such a system of tax-supported public schools. They argued that expanding education would give Americans the knowledge and intellectual tools they needed to make decisions as citizens of a democracy.
public school movement
One of the greatest school reformers was blnk. He grew up poor and had firsthand experience with inadequate schooling. He never forgot his humble beginnings, which inspired him to work to provide all children with a better education than he had received.
Horace Mann.
blank, a daughter of evangelical preacher Lyman Beecher, and blank established schools for women in Connecticut, Ohio, and New York
Catharine Beecher, Emma Willard
helped to establish medical training for women by the 1850s.
Elizabeth Blackwell and Ann Preston
Americans who had little or no voice in how they were treated were of special concern to many reformers. imprisoned, mentally ill, women.
One reformer who turned her religious ideals into action was
Dorothea Dix.
he prison reform movement is thus sometimes called the
penitentiary movement.
Two types of penitentiaries were proposed by reformers.
The Pennsylvania System, Auburn Prison, in Central New York, in the 1820s.
In response, reformers launched the blank, an effort to end alcohol abuse and the problems created by it. Temperance means drinking alcoholic beverages in moderation
temperance movement
However, the temperance movement had real success only when the reformers won changes in the law. blank who earned a worldwide reputation for his lectures on alcohol abuse, became mayor of Portland, Maine, in 1851.
Neal Dow
