CH 5.1: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

Question 1

What is a macromolecule?

Answer 1

large molecules made up of smaller molecules

Question 2

What is a polymer?

Answer 2

long molecule consisting of many similar/identical building blocks

Question 3

What is a monomer?

Answer 3

the repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer

Question 4

What is an enzyme?

Answer 4

specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

Question 5

What is a condensation reaction?

Answer 5

reaction that connects monomers or polymers

Question 6

What are polymers disassembed to monomer by?

Answer 6

Hydrolysis which adds a water molecule, breaking a bond

Question 7

What are proteins built from?

Answer 7

hundreds of amino acids

Question 8

Four groupd of polymers:

Answer 8

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Question 9

What are carbohydrates?

Answer 9

sugars and polymers of sugars (polysaccharied)

Question 10

What are monosaccharides?

Answer 10

the simplest carbohydrates (monomers)

Question 11

What are disaccharides?

Answer 11

double sugars, two monosaccharides joined by covalent bond

Question 12

Trademarks of a monasaccharide:

Answer 12

the molecule has a carbonyl group, C double bond O, and multiple hydroxyl groups, -OH

Question 13

What is a glycasidic linkage?

Answer 13

a covalent bond formed between two monosacchareds by a dehydration reaction

Question 14

What is a polysaccharide?

Answer 14

macromolecules, made of hundres to thousands of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

Question 15

What are storage polysaccharides?

Answer 15

plants and animals store sugar in the form of polysaccharides to use them later

Question 16

What is starch?

Answer 16

a polymer of glucase monomers

Question 17

Structural polysaccharides are used

Answer 17

to build strong materials for organisms, ex. cellulose and chitin

Question 18

What are lipids?

Answer 18

hydrophobic, only large biological molecules that do not include true polymers

Question 19

True or False: fats are not polymers but are bonded smaller molecules

Answer 19

true, the smaller molecules are asembled by dehydration reactions

Question 20

What is a fatty acid?

Answer 20

a long carbon skeleton, 16-18 carbon atoms

Question 21

What is an ester linkage?

Answer 21

bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group

Question 22

What is a saturated fatty acid?

Answer 22

no double bonds between carbons-has as many hydrogen atoms as possible

Question 23

What is a unsaturated fatty acid?

Answer 23

has one + double bonds - fewer hydrogen atoms

Question 24

What is a saturated fat?

Answer 24

the hydrocarbon chains of their fatty acids lack double bonds, allows the fat molecules to pack together tightley

Question 25

What is a unsaturated fat?

Answer 25

have double bonds, causes kinks in their structure (cis-bond) which prevents close packing of molecules

Question 26

What are phospholipids?

Answer 26

they're similar to a fat molecule but has only two fatty acids attached to gylcerol, they are essential for cells, and are major constituents of cell membranes

Question 27

Phospholipids have a

Answer 27

hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tails

Question 28

When phospholipids are added to they form a:

Answer 28

double-layered sheet called a "bilayer"

Question 29

What is a steroid?

Answer 29

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 rings

Question 30

What is cholestrol?

Answer 30

a type of steroid