Ch 1: Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry

Question 1

What is Science?

Answer 1

it is a way of knowing, tool to understand the world around us

Question 2

How do we do science?

Answer 2

Making observations, forming logical, testable explanations (hypotheses), testing them, and repeat

Question 3

Examples of making observation

Answer 3

physical observations, microscopes, high speed cameras, and scientific literature

Question 4

What is inductive reasoning?

Answer 4

reasoning from a set of specific observations to reach a general conclusion, collection and analyzing observations can lead to important conclusions based on a type of logic, ex “All organisms are made of cells”, “The sun rises in the East”

Question 5

What is deductive reasoning?

Answer 5

a logical approach that begins with generalized information to a specific conclusion, ex “All birds have feather–> penguins have feathers–> penguins are birds”

Question 6

What is a hypothesis?

Answer 6

an explanation based on observations and assumptions that leads to a testable prediction

Question 7

A hypothesis must be:

Answer 7

testable, falsifiable

Question 8

True or False: The experience has given us information that proves or hypothesis correct

Answer 8

False, the data only supports the hypothesis, not proves it

Question 9

What is the difference between a scientific theory and a hypothesis?

Answer 9

Scientific is much broader in scope than a hypothesis, a theory is general enough to spin off many new testable hypotheses, a theory is generally supported by a much greater body of evidence, scientists will sometimes modify or even reject a previously supported theory is new research consistently disproves it.

Question 10

What is biology?

Answer 10

Biology is the study of life

Question 11

What are the five themes of life?

Answer 11

organization, information, energy and matter, interactions, and evolution

Question 12

Organization

Answer 12

New properties emerge at successive levels of biological organization

Question 13

The Biosphere

Answer 13

consists of all life on earth and all the places where life exists

Question 14

Ecosystems

Answer 14

consists of all the living things in a particular area, along with all nonliving components of the environment with which life interacts, such as soil, water, atmospheric gases, and light.

Question 15

Communities

Answer 15

the array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem

Question 16

Populations

Answer 16

consists of all the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area

Question 17

Organisms

Answer 17

individual living things

Question 18

Organs

Answer 18

a body part that is made up of multiple tissues and has specific functions in the body

Question 19

Tissues

Answer 19

a group of cells that work together, performing a specialized function

Question 20

Cells

Answer 20

life’s fundamental unit of structure and function

Question 21

Organelles

Answer 21

the various functional components present in cells

Question 22

Molecules

Answer 22

a chemical structure consisting of two or more units called atoms

Question 23

What is reductionism?

Answer 23

an aproach that reduces complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study

Question 24

What are emergent properties?

Answer 24

properties that become apparent and result from various interacting components within a system but are properties that do not belong to the individual components themselves

Question 25

True or False: correlations of structure and function are common in all living things

Answer 25

True

Question 26

True or False: analyzing a biological structure does not give us clues about with it does and how it works

Answer 26

False, analyzing biological structure does give us clues

Question 27

What is cell theory?

Answer 27

all living organisms are made of cells, which are the basic unit of life

Question 28

What are prokaryotic cells?

Answer 28

bacteria and archaea

Question 29

What are eukaryotic cells?

Answer 29

all other forms of life (plants, animals, fungi, protists)

Question 30

Information

Answer 30

life's processes involve the expression and transmission of genetic informations

Question 31

Where is the information stored?

Answer 31

within cells, structures called chromosomes contain genetic material in the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Question 32

Energy and Matter

Answer 32

life requires the transfer and transformation of energy and matte

Question 33

Energy (ecosystem)

Answer 33

energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction, usually entering as light and exiting as heat

Question 34

Chemicals (ecosystem)

Answer 34

chemicals cycle within an ecosystem, where they are used and then recycled

Question 35

Interactions

Answer 35

from molecules to ecosystems, interactions are important in biological systems

Question 36

Why are interactions between biological systems important?

Answer 36

at any level of the biological hierarchy, interactions between the components of the system ensure the smooth integration of all the parts, such that they function as a whole

Question 37

Interactions between organisms include those that are:

Answer 37

mutually beneficial, one species benefits and the other is harmed, both are harmed

Question 38

Evolution

Answer 38

occurs as the unequal reproductive success of individuals ultimately leads to adaption to their environment and deversification

Question 39

What is the two part name of a species?

Answer 39

Genus species

Question 40

How do we categorize organisms?

Answer 40

structure function, morphology, and DNA

Question 41

What are the three main groups of domains for organisms?

Answer 41

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Question 42

What are Bacteria and Archaea?

Answer 42

consist of single-celled prokaryotic organisms

Question 43

What is in the domain Eukarya?

Answer 43

eukaryotes

Question 44

What are the four subgroups (kingdoms) of Eukarya?

Answer 44

plantae, fungi, animalia, and protists

Question 45

The Genetic Code

Answer 45

universal language of DNA

Question 46

What type of logic were Darwin and Wallace using in the theory of natural selection?

Answer 46

inductive

Question 47

Theory of Natural Selection

Answer 47

natural environment consistently "selects" for certain traits among naturally occurring variation in the population