CH 5: VALERIE GUEVARA

Question 1

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Answer 1

The Equal Rights Amendment is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution designed to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex. It seeks to end the legal distinctions between men and women in terms of divorce, property, employment, and other matters

Question 2

Fifteenth Amendment

Answer 2

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Question 3

Fourteenth Amendment

Answer 3

All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.

Question 4

Frederick Douglas

Answer 4

Frederick Douglass was an American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman. After escaping from slavery in Maryland, he became a national leader of the abolitionist movement in Massachusetts and New York, gaining note for his oratory and incisive antislavery writings.

Question 5

grandfather clause

Answer 5

A grandfather clause is a provision in which an old rule continues to apply to some existing situations while a new rule will apply to all future cases. Those exempt from the new rule are said to have grandfather rights or acquired rights, or to have been grandfathered in.

Question 6

Harriet Tubman

Answer 6

Harriet Tubman was an American abolitionist and political activist. Born into slavery, Tubman escaped and subsequently made some thirteen missions to rescue approximately seventy enslaved people, family and friends, using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad.

Question 7

Harry S Truman

Answer 7

Harry S. Truman was the 33rd president of the United States from 1945 to 1953, succeeding upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt after serving as vice president. He implemented the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe, and established the Truman Doctrine and NATO.

Question 8

intermediate standard of review

Answer 8

standard of review used by the Court to evaluate laws that make a quasi suspect classification

Question 9

Jim crow Laws

Answer 9

Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. All were enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by white Democratic-dominated state legislatures after the Reconstruction period. The laws were enforced until 1965.

Question 10

John F. Kennedy

Answer 10

John Fitzgerald “Jack” Kennedy, commonly referred to by his initials JFK, was an American politician and journalist who served as the 35th president of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963.

Question 11

Korematsu v. US (1944)

Answer 11

Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214, was a landmark United States Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of their citizenship.

Question 12

Lawrence v. Texas (2003)

Answer 12

Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558, is a landmark civil rights case by the United States Supreme Court. The Court struck down the sodomy law in Texas in a 6–3 decision and, by extension, invalidated sodomy laws in 13 other states, making same-sex sexual activity legal in every U.S. state and territory.

Question 13

League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)

Answer 13

The League of United Latin American Citizens is the oldest surviving Latino civil rights organization in the U.S. It was established on February 17, 1929, in Corpus Christi, Texas, largely by Hispanic veterans of World War I who sought to end ethnic discrimination against Latinos in the United States.

Question 14

LGBT community

Answer 14

The LGBT community or GLBT community, also referred to as the gay community, is a loosely defined grouping of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, LGBT organizations, and subcultures, united by a common culture and social movements.

Question 15

Lucretia Mott

Answer 15

Lucretia Mott was a U.S. Quaker, abolitionist, women’s rights activist, and social reformer. She had formed the idea of reforming the position of women in society when she was amongst the women excluded from the World Anti-Slavery Convention in 1840.

Question 16

Martin Luther King Jr.

Answer 16

Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968

Question 17

Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF)

Answer 17

Originally created to bring test cases before SC; responsible for Voting Rights Act of 1965; litigation AF

Question 18

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Answer 18

The National American Woman Suffrage Association was an organization formed on February 18, 1890 to advocate in favor of women’s suffrage in the United States. It was created by the merger of two existing organizations, the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association.

Question 19

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Answer 19

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as a bi-racial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington and Moorfield Storey.

Question 20

NAACP Legal Defense and educational Fund (LDF)

Answer 20

The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. is a leading United States civil rights organization and law firm based in New York City.

Question 21

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Answer 21

The National Organization for Women (NOW) was established by a group of feminists who were dedicated to actively challenging sex discrimination in society.

Question 22

National Woman’s Party (NWP)

Answer 22

A militant Suffrage organization founded in the early twentieth century. Members of this organization were arrested, jailed and even force-fed by authorities when they went on hunger strikes to secure voting rights for women

Question 23

Nineteenth Amendment

Answer 23

The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the states and the federal government from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex.

Question 24

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Answer 24

Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. ___, is a landmark civil rights case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Question 25

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Answer 25

Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537, was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court issued in 1896. It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality – a doctrine that came to be known as “separate but equal”.

Question 26

poll tax

Answer 26

a tax levied on every adult, without reference to income or resources.

Question 27

Progressive Era (1890-1920)

Answer 27

fourth period of the U.S. party system; progressives tried to abolish parties; primary elections instead of nominating conventions

Question 28

rational basis standard of review

Answer 28

In U.S. constitutional law, rational basis review is the normal standard of review that courts apply when considering constitutional questions, including due process or equal protection questions under the Fifth Amendment or Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 29

Rosa Parks

Answer 29

Rosa Louise McCauley Parks was an American activist in the civil rights movement best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery bus boycott. The United States Congress has called her “the first lady of civil rights” and “the mother of the freedom movement”

Question 30

Seneca Falls Convention

Answer 30

The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women’s rights convention. It advertised itself as “a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman”. Held in Seneca Falls, New York, it spanned two days over July 19–20, 1848.

Question 31

seperate-but-equal doctrine

Answer 31

Separate but equal was a legal doctrine in United States constitutional law according to which racial segregation did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guaranteed “equal protection” under the law to all people.

Question 32

standards of review

Answer 32

In law, the standard of review is the amount of deference given by one court (or some other appellate tribunal) in reviewing a decision of a lower court or tribunal. The standard of review may be set by statute or precedent (stare decisis).

Question 33

strict scrutiny

Answer 33

Strict scrutiny is a form of judicial review that courts use to determine the constitutionality of certain laws.

Question 34

suffrage movement

Answer 34

The suffrage movement fought for these rights, and the people who were part of that movement were suffragists

Question 35

Susan B. Anthony

Answer 35

Susan B. Anthony was an American social reformer and women’s rights activist who played a pivotal role in the women’s suffrage movement. Born into a Quaker family committed to social equality, she collected anti-slavery petitions at the age of 17.

Question 36

suspect classifications

Answer 36

In American jurisprudence, a suspect classification is any classification of groups meeting a series of criteria suggesting they are likely the subject of discrimination.

Question 37

Thirteenth Amendment

Answer 37

The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. In Congress, it was passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, and by the House on January 31, 1865. The amendment was ratified by the required number of states on December 6, 1865

Question 38

Title IX

Answer 38

Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 is a federal law that states: “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.”

Question 39

Thurgood Marshall

Answer 39

Thurgood Marshall was an American lawyer, serving as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Court’s 96th justice and its first African-American justice.

Question 40

Unites States v. Windsor (2013)

Answer 40

Edith Windsor and Thea Clara Spyer were a same sex couple who got married in Canada. Spyer died, Windsor didn’t get benefits according to DOMA, didn’t get marital tax exemption. Claimed that DOMA was violating the Equal Protection Clause of the first amendment. Ruled 5-4 for Windsor, she got the refund.

Question 41

abolitionist

Answer 41

Abolitionism was the movement to end slavery. This term can be used both formally and informally. In Western Europe and the Americas, abolitionism was a historic movement that sought to end the Atlantic slave trade and set slaves free.

Question 42

affirmative action

Answer 42

affirmative action, also known as reservation in India and Nepal, positive discrimination / action in the United Kingdom, and employment equity in Canada and South Africa, is the policy of promoting the education and employment of members of groups that are known to have previously suffered from discrimination

Question 43

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Answer 43

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 is a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability.

Question 44

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Answer 44

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483, was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that American state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality.

Question 45

Cesar Chavez

Answer 45

Cesar Chavez was an American labor leader and civil rights activist who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association in 1962.

Question 46

civil rights

Answer 46

Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals’ freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals.

Question 47

Chinese exclusion act

Answer 47

The Chinese Exclusion Act was a United States federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers.

Question 48

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Answer 48

The Civil Rights Act of 1875, sometimes called Enforcement Act or Force Act, was a United States federal law enacted during the Reconstruction era in response to civil rights violations against African Americans

Question 49

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Answer 49

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark civil rights and labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements, and racial segregation in schools, employment, and public accommodations.

Question 50

Dolores Huerta

Answer 50

Dolores Clara Fernández Huerta is an American labor leader and civil rights activist who, with Cesar Chavez, is a co-founder of the National Farmworkers Association, which later became the United Farm Workers.

Question 51

Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)

Answer 51

Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393, was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court held that the U.S. Constitution was not meant to include American citizenship for black people

Question 52

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Answer 52

Dwight David “Ike” Eisenhower was an American army general and statesman who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961. During World War II, he was a five-star general in the United States Army and served as supreme commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe.

Question 53

Eleanor Roosevelt

Answer 53

Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was an American political figure, diplomat and activist. She served as the First Lady of the United States from March 4, 1933 to April 12, 1945 during her husband President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s four terms in office, making her the longest serving First Lady of the United States.

Question 54

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Answer 54

Elizabeth Cady Stanton was an American suffragist, social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early women’s rights movement

Question 55

Emancipation Proclamation

Answer 55

The Emancipation Proclamation, or Proclamation 95, was a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863. It changed the federal legal status of more than 3.5 million enslaved African Americans in the designated areas of the South from slave to free.

Question 56

Equal Pay Act of 1963

Answer 56

The Equal Pay Act of 1963 is a United States labor law amending the Fair Labor Standards Act, aimed at abolishing wage disparity based on sex. It was signed into law on June 10, 1963, by John F. Kennedy as part of his New Frontier Program.

Question 57

equal protection clause

Answer 57

states may not deny any person “life, liberty or property, without due process of law.”