CH 5 The Circulatory System transports materials throughout the body Flashcards
1
Q
What is the circulatory system?
A
The body’s transport system consisting of the heart, blood, blood vessels and lymph vessels
2
Q
What are the 8 functions of blood?
A
- Transporting oxygen and nutrients to all cells to the body
- Transporting carbon dioxide and other waste products away from the cells
- Transporting chemical messengers, called hormones to the cells
- Maintaining the pH of body fluids
- Distributing heat and maintaining body temperature
- Maintaining water content and ion concentration of the body fluids
- Protecting against disease causing mirco-organisms
- Clotting when vessels are damaged, preventing blood loss
3
Q
What are formed elements?
A
Any cell of cell like structure in blood
4
Q
What is plasma?
A
- 55%
- The fluid part of the blood in which cells are suspended
- Function: transport the components of blood, including cells, nutrients, wastes, hormones, proteins and antibodies throughout the body
5
Q
What are red blood cells? (erythrocytes)
A
- 45%
- One of the formed elements of the blood that contains haemoglobin
- Function: transport oxygen from the lungs to cells through the body
6
Q
What is a haematocrit?
A
The ratio of red blood cels to the total volume of blood
7
Q
What does biconcave mean?
A
Shaped concave on both sides dipping inwards in the centre
8
Q
What are white blood cells? (leucocytes)
A
- less than 1%
- One of the blood cells containing a nucleus
- Function: protecting the body from infection
9
Q
What are monocytes?
A
Form other cells including macrophages that engulf pathogens and ages or damaged cells by phagocytosis
10
Q
What are lymphocytes?
A
Involved in the immune response; cell mediated immunity uses T-lymphocytes and antibody- mediated immunity uses B- lymphocytes
11
Q
What are basophils?
A
Responsible for allergic reactions producing heparin and histamine to defend the body against parasites and bacteria
12
Q
What are eosinophils?
A
Lead to inflammatory responses; they respond to larger parasites such as worms
13
Q
What are platelets? (thrombocytes)
A
- very small %
- A fragment of cytoplasm enclosed in a membrane but lacking a nucleus
- Function: adhere to the lining and form a scaffold for the coagulation of the blood to form a clot
14
Q
What is haemoglobin?
A
- The pigment in red blood cells
- it is involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the body
15
Q
What is oxyhaemoglobin?
A
Oxygen combined with haemoglobin
16
Q
What is oxygenated blood?
A
Blood containing a lot of oxygen
17
Q
What is deoxygenated blood?
A
Blood that contains little oxygen
18
Q
What is carbaminohaemoglobin?
A
A molecule resulting from a combination of carbon dioxide and haemoglobin
19
Q
What is alveoli?
A
Air sacs in the lungs
20
Q
What is metabolic waste?
A
Substances produced by cells that cannot be used and that would be harmful if allowed to accumulate
21
Q
Explain the process of blood clotting?
A
- Vasoconstriction: the muscles in the walls of the small arteries that have been injured constrict immediately to reduce blood flow and blood loss
- Platelet plug: The internal walls of blood vessels are normally very smooth but any damage creates a rough surface to which the platelets stick. Sticking platelets attract others and so a plug is built at the site of the injury. The platelets release substances that act as vasoconstrictors which enhance the constriction of damaged vessels. For many of the small tears that occur in capillaries the plugging action and constriction is sufficient to stop any bleeding.
- Coagulation: The formation of a blood clot is a complex process involving a number of chemical substances or clotting factors that are present in the blood plasma. The series of reactions results in the formation of threads of a protein called fibrin. The fibrin threads form a mesh that traps blood cells, platelets and plasma. This mesh is the clot. the threads stick to the damaged blood vessels and hold the clot in position.
22
Q
What is blood clotting/coagulation?
A
Formation of a blood clot and the blood becoming gel-like
23
Q
What are clotting factors?
A
Chemical substances in blood plasma that allow blood to clot
24
Q
What is fibrin?
A
An insoluble protein that forms blood clots by holding blood cells, platelets, plasma together in a mesh
25
What is a clot/thrombus?
Blood cells, platelets and plasma trapped in a mesh of fibrin
26
What is clot retraction?
Contraction of the fibrous threads of a blood clot
27
What is a serum?
The protein rich fluid that separates out when blood coagulates
28
What is the heart?
A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood
29
What is the sternum?
The breast bone
30
How does blood move through the body?
- the right atrium receives blood from the body and passes it to the right ventricle
- the right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs
- the left atrium receives blood from the lungs and passes it to the left ventricle
- the left ventricle pumps blood to the body
31
What is the pericardium?
Membrane enclosing the heart
32
What is the cardiac muscle?
The muscle that forms the wall of the heart
33
What is the septum?
The partition between the left and right sides of the heart
34
What is the atria?
The top chambers of the heart
35
What are ventricles?
The bottom chambers of the heart
36
Why is the left ventricle thicker than the wall of the right ventricle?
This is because it needs to be much stronger to pump blood through the blood vessels to the whole body
37
Explain the valves in the heart?
Valves ensure that blood can only go in one direction and that there is no backflow
38
What are atrioventricular valves?
Valves within the heart that ensure the blood flows through it in one direction
39
What is the chordae tendineae?
Tendon-like structures that connect papillary muscle to valves
40
What are papillary muscles?
Muscles in the ventricles of the heart that anchor the valves
41
What are semilunar valves?
Valve preventing blood from flowing back into the ventricles, located at the start of the aorta and pulmonary artery
42
What are the types of blood vessels?
Arteries, Capillaries and Veins
43
What is circulation?
The movement of blood through the heart and blood vessels
44
What are arteries?
- A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
- walls contain smooth muscle and elastic fibres
- thick muscular elastic walls
45
What is vasoconstriction?
Decrease in the diameter of blood vessels restricting the flow of blood
46
What is vasodilation?
Increase in the diameter of blood vessels increasing the flow of blood
47
What are arterioles?
Very small arteries
48
What is a vasodilator?
A substance that produces a local widening or dilation of blood vessels
49
What are capillaries?
- A microscopic blood vessel that links arterioles and venules
- 1 cell thick
- enables cells to get their requirements from the blood and to pass their waste into the blood
50
What are veins?
- A blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart
- walls are thin and collapsable
- has valves to prevent the backflow of blood
51
What are venules?
Small veins
52
What is the inferior vena cava?
A large vein carrying blood from the lower body to the right atrium
53
What is the superior vena cava?
The large vein taking blood from the top of the body to the right atrium
54
What is the pulmonary vein?
The vein that transports blood from the lungs to the left atrium
55
What are the 2 ways blood flow to cells can be changed?
1. Changing the output of blood from the heart
| 2. Changing the diameter of blood vessels supplying blood to the tissues
56
What is the cardiac cycle?
The cycle of events that occurs in one complete heartbeat
57
Explains what happens in the cardiac cycle:
- Contraction/pumping> systole
- Relaxation/refilling> diastole
- Atria contract simultaneously
- forces the blood in the heart into the ventricles
- Ventricles contract simultaneously
- forces the blood in the ventricles to leave the heart
58
What is systole?
The period when the heart muscle contracts
59
What is diastole?
The period of relaxation of the heart (between contractions), during which it fills with blood
60
What is atrial systole?
Contraction of the atria of the heart
61
What is ventricular systole?
The phase of the heartbeat when the ventricles contract
62
What is the equation to find cardiac output?
Cardiac output (ml/min) = stroke volume (ml) x heart rate (bpm)
63
What is heart rate?
The number of heartbeats per minute
64
What is stroke volume?
The volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle during one contraction
65
What is cardiac output?
The volume of blood pumped from one ventricle of the heart in one minute
66
What are the sugar antigens involved in the ABO classification of blood groups?
Antigen A and Antigen B
67
What is transfusion?
The transfer of blood or some components of blood into the circulation of a person
68
What is ABO blood group system?
A method of classifying blood types according to the antigens on the surface of the red blood cells
69
What is Rh blood group system?
A method of classifying blood types according to antigens on the surface of the red blood cells
70
What is an antigen?
Any substance capable of causing the formation of antibodies when introduced into the tissue
71
What is an antibody?
A substance produced in response to a specific antigen, it combines with the antigen to neutralise or destroy it
72
What is whole blood?
blood taken from a donor with a chemical added to prevent clotting
73
What is red cell concentration?
A component of blood used in transfusions produced by spinning blood in a centrifuge
74
What is platelet concentrate?
A component of blood used in transfusions
75
What is cryoprecipitate?
A blood product used in transfusions produced by freezing the plasma and thawing it slowly
76
What is haemophilia?
An inherited disorder in which the blood clots slowly or not at all
77
What is immunoglobulin?
- A group of proteins
| Eg. antibodies are immunoglobulins
78
What is autologous transfusion?
A transfusion using the patients own blood
79
What is the lymphatic system?
A system of vessels that drains excess fluid (lymph) from the tissues
79
What are lymph vessels?
A large vessel that collects lymph from the lymph capillaries, lymphatic vessels join up and eventually return lymph to the blood
80
What is lymph?
Colourless fluid that circulates through the lymphatic vessels before returning to the blood
- doesnt have RBC or platelets
81
What is intercellular fluid?
Fluid between cells
82
What are lymph nodes/lymph gland?
An oval or bean shaped structure found on the lymphatic vessels, it is involved in protecting against infection
83
What is lymphatic tissue?
Tissue containing many lymphocytes and macrophages, found mostly in lymph nodes but also in bone marrow, tonsils, spleen and thymus
84
What is a lymphocyte?
A type of white blood cell found in lymph nodes and in lymph
84
What are macrophages?
A phagocytic cell derived from a monocyte (type of white blood cell)
86
What are plasma cells?
Cell that develops from a B cell and produces antibodies
87
What is a phagocytic cell?
Cell that can engulf and digest micro organisms and cell debris
88
Where are the antigens located?
On the surface of red blood cells
89
What antigens does each blood group have?
Blood A- Antigen A
Blood B- Antigen B
Blood AB- Both Antigen A and B
Blood O- Neither Antigen A or B
90
How is the bodys ability to make antigens affected?
It is determined by DNA and therefore inherited
91
Why is it named Rh blood groups?
Because the same scientists who discovered the ABO blood groupings used rhesus monkeys in his final investigation
92
Explain the difference between having Rh antigens on the surface of the red blood cell to having none at all?
- Rh antigens on surface of red blood cell> Rh positive> cant produce an anti Rh antibody
- No Rh antigens on surface of red blood cell> Rh negative> can produce an anti Rh antibody
93
What can happen if you mix incompatible blood types?
Can cause your erythrocytes to clump together
94
What is it called when your erythrocytes clump together?
Agglutination- the action of an antibody reacting against an antigen, cells will clump then disintegrate
95
What is an autologous transfusion?
When somebody's own blood is used for the transfusion
96
What are the 6 types of transfusions?
1. Whole blood
2. Red cell concentration
3. Platelet concentration
4. Cryoprecipitate
5. Immunoglobulins
6. Autologous transfusion
97
Where in the body are your lymph nodes found?
Neck, armpit, groin and alimentary canal
98
Explain lymph vessels?
- blind ended tubes in the spaces between the cells of most tissues
- vessels join to form two lymphatic ducts that empty lymph into large veins in the chest
- lymph is moved through lymphatic vessels as a result of smooth muscle, skeletal muscle and valves
99
Explain lymph nodes?
- occur at intervals along lymph vessels
- each is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue that extends the node into a framework
- within the framework are; lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells
- lymph passes through several lymph nodes before entering the circulatory system
100
What is the role of the lymphatic system against disease?
- lymph entering lymph nodes contains cell debris, foreign particles and micro-organisms (eg. bacteria) that have penetrated the body's external defences
- larger particles such as bacteria are trapped as lymph flows through a lymph node
- macrophages destroy these particles
- when infections occur, the formation of lymphocytes increases and may cause lymph nodes to become swollen and sore
101
Explain the transport of oxygen:
- 3% of oxygen is in a solution in blood plasma
| - the other 97% is carried and combined with haemoglobin molecules to make oxyhaemolglobin
102
Explain the transport of carbon dioxide:
- 7-8% of carbon dioxide is dissolved in solution in blood plasma
- 22% combines with the globin part of haemoglobin to form carbaminohaemoglobin
- the remainder is carried in blood plasma as bicarbonate ions
