CH 2 Cells Make Up the Human Body Flashcards
1
Q
what is an active process?
A
A process that requires energy
2
Q
What is active transport?
A
the use of energy to move substances across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient
3
Q
what is a bilayer?
A
two layers that make up a single membrane
4
Q
what is a cardiac muscle?
A
the muscle that forms the wall of the heart
5
Q
what is carrier mediated transport?
A
transport of ions or molecules across a cell membrane by special carrier proteins
6
Q
What is a carrier protein?
A
a protein that carries substances from one side of the cell to another
7
Q
what is the cell membrane? (plasma membrane)
A
a membrane that forms the outside boundary of a cell
8
Q
what is cell theory?
A
the principle that all living things are made up of cells and the materials produced by cells
9
Q
what is cellular respiration?
A
the chemical reactions that make energy available for the cell
10
Q
what is a channel protein?
A
a protein that allows ions water and small molecules to pass through the cell membrane
11
Q
what is a chromosome?
A
One of the 46 rodlike structures that are in the nucleus of a human cell that carry genetic information composed of nucleic acids and proteins
12
Q
what is cilia?
A
hair like projections on the outside of the cell that beat to move the whole cell or material across the cell surface
- short and numerous projections
13
Q
what does concentration mean?
A
the number of particles in a given volume
14
Q
what is the concentration gradient?
A
a difference in concentration of solution
15
Q
what is connective tissue?
A
tissues providing support for the body organs
16
Q
what is the cytoplasm?
A
the contents of a cell not including the nucleus
17
Q
what is the cytoskeleton?
A
internal scaffolding of protein fibres within the cytoplasm of a cell
18
Q
what is cytosol?
A
the liquid part of the cytoplasm
19
Q
what is deoxyribonucleic acid?
A
a molecule in the nucleus of a cell that determines the types of proteins it can make
20
Q
what is a differentially permeable membrane? (semipermeable)
A
a membrane that allows the passage of certain substances but restricts the passage of others
21
Q
what is diffusion?
A
- the movement of particles of a liquid or gas so that they are evenly distributed over the available space
- net movement of ions or molecules from high to low concentration until they are evenly distributed
22
Q
what is endocytosis?
A
- The process in which a cell takes in materials by an folding and enclosing on them
- this includes phagocytosis and pinocytosis
23
Q
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
A
- a network of membranes forming channels through the cytoplasm of a cell
- used for storage, support, synthesis and transport within a cell
- their surface provides an area for chemical reactions to occur
24
Q
what is epithelium?
A
tissue that forms the outer part of the skin and Lions hollow organs and ducts
25
what is exocytosis?
the process where the contents of the vesicles of cells are pushed out through the cell membrane
26
what is extracellular fluid?
fluid found on the outside of cells
27
what is facilitated diffusion?
the process where proteins allow the movement of substances through the cell membrane along the concentration gradient
28
What is facilitated transport?
proteins in the cell membrane that allow molecules to be transported across the membrane
29
what is the flagella?
- along prediction from the cell
- function of moving a cell
- long and only 1 and 2 projections
30
what is the fluid mosaic model?
the currently accepted model of cell membrane structure
>Fluid- the molecules in the membrane are constantly changing position
>Mosaic- the membrane is comprised of many different kinds of molecules
31
what is the golgi body?
- a structure in the cytoplasm consisting of a stack of flattened channels
- modifies and packages materials for secretion from the cell
- at the edge small sacs of liquid form called vesicles
32
what is homeostasis?
the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment despite changes of the external environment
33
what is hydrophilic?
water loving
34
what is hydrophobic?
water hating
35
what is an inclusion?
chemical substances inside a cell in the form of granules or droplets
Eg. haemoglobin, melanin
36
what is an involuntary muscle? (smooth, non striated muscle)
- muscle that is not under conscious control
| - found in walls of internal organs
37
what is a lipid?
large organic molecules made up of fatty acids and glycerol
38
what is a lysosome?
- a small sphere formed from the golgi body
- contains digestive enzymes that break down large molecules and worn out organelles
- small spheres
39
what is a matrix?
non cellular material between the cells of tissues
40
what is a microfilament?
- protein fibres that move materials around the cytoplasm
| - or move the whole cell
41
What is a microtubule?
fine tubes that help to maintain the shape of the cell and hold organelles in place
- hollow rods that keep organelles in place
42
what is a mitochondrion?
- powerhouse of the cell
- a structure in the cell where the aerobic stage of respiration occurs
- spherical or oval shaped
- has a double membrane> the folding of the inner membrane increases on which chemical reactions occur
43
what are muscle fibres?
long cylindrical cells that make up skeletal muscles
44
what is nervous tissue?
tissue made up of nerve cells (neurons)
45
what is a neuron?
a nerve cell
46
what is the nuclear membrane?
a membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
47
what is a nuclear pore?
gaps in the nuclear membrane
48
what is the nucleolus?
- a structure within a cell's nucleus
| - involved in protein synthesis
49
what is the nucleus?
A large organelle in the cell that contains DNA
- largest organelle and has a sphere shape
- has nuclear pores in the membrane
- contains DNA as chromatin or chromosomes
50
what is an organ?
a structure made up of different types of tissues all working together
51
what is an organelle?
structures within the cytoplasm of a cell each with specific functions
52
what is an Organism?
A living thing with different body systems all integrated
53
what is osmosis?
the diffusion of water molecules through a semi permeable membrane from area of high-water concentration to an area of low water concentration
54
what is osmotic pressure?
the pressure due to differences in concentration of either side of the semipermeable membrane
55
What is a passive process?
a process that occurs without any energy
56
what is passive transport?
the transport of substances across the cell membrane without energy
57
what is phagocytosis?
the process by which the cell takes in solid particles
58
what is a phospholipid?
a lipid molecule that contains a phosphate group
59
what is pinocytosis?
the process in which cells in fold and take in drops of liquid
60
what is a protein channel?
a pathway through a protein in the cell membrane that allows the passage of substances across the membrane
61
what is a ribosome?
- site of protein synthesis
- located on the surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum
- small and spherical
- joins amino acids to form proteins
62
what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
- a form that is covered with ribosomes that give it a rough appearance
- involved in the synthesis of proteins
63
What is simple diffusion?
the process of substance is moving along the concentration gradient in a solution or across a semipermeable membrane without the use of proteins
64
what is a skeletal muscle? (striated muscle)
- muscle attached to bones
| - under voluntary control
65
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
- a form that is involved in the synthesis of lipids
| - not covered with ribosomes
66
what is a solvent?
a substance in which a solute is dissolved
67
what is a striated muscle?
muscle made up of dark and light bands include skeletal and cardiac muscle
68
what is a system?
a group of organs that work together for a common function
69
what is a tissue?
a group of cells that have a similar structure and function
70
what is tissue fluid?
fluid found in the space between cells
71
what is a vesicle?
a small membrane bound cavity in the cytoplasm of a cell
72
what is vesicular transport?
the transport of materials in and out of the cell in membrane bound sacs
73
what is a voluntary muscle?
muscle under voluntary control
74
Explain a cell:
- the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms including plants and animals
- all organisms are made of cells which are the basic unit of life
- all human cells have a similar basic structure
75
explain the structure of a cell:
the structure and contents of the cell allows them to meet the requirements of life
76
what are the six parts of a cell?
1. cell membrane
2. cytoplasm
3. organelles
4. cytosol
5. cytoskeleton
6. inclusions
77
Explain the cell membrane:
- Separate the cell contents from the environment outside the cell
- encloses the contents of the cell and controls what can enter and leave
78
explain the cytoplasm:
- Jelly like or watery material inside the cell that fills the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane
- made up of cytosol an organelles
79
What are the requirements for a cell?
1. Cells need to have a stable environment that continually supplies the materials they need and removes materials they produce
2. Fluid (tissue or extracellular fluid) allows a continuous exchange of materials in and out of the cell
3. Body systems work together in order to ensure the cellular environment is kept constant (homestasis)
80
Explain the structure and function of the cell membrane:
- it is made up of phospholipid molecules (lipid molecule containing a phosphate group) which is arranged in 2 layers called a bilayer
- each phospholipid molecule is made up of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
- embedded in the membrane is cholesterol and protein molecules which are important for integrity and stability
81
What is the function of the cell membrane?
1. A physical barrier
- separates the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid
2. Regulates the passage of materials
- controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell
3. Sensitive to changes
- first part of the cell affected by any changes in the extracellular fluid
4. Supports the cell
- internal part of the cell membrane attached to the microfilaments of the cells cytoskeleton
82
Explain transport across the cell membrane:
- described as differentially permeable/ semi permeable to allow certain ions and molecules to pass through but not others
83
What is the difference between an active and passive process?
Active process- requires the cells energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Passive process- requires no energy
84
What are the 3 basic processes that result in the transport of materials in and out of the cell and what process type they are?
simple diffusion- passive process
facilitated transport- passive or active process
vesicular transport- active process
85
Explain simple diffusion:
- the greater the concentration gradient the faster the rate of diffusion
- the movement of liquid or gas molecules from places of higher concentration to places of lower concentration, along concentration gradient
86
Explain Osmosis:
- type of diffusion
- diffusion of a solvent through a semi permeable membrane in order to balance the concentration of a solute
- "diffusion of water"
- the higher concentration of a solute the higher the osmotic pressure
87
Explain facilitated transport:
- proteins in the cell membrane allow molecules to be transported across the membrane
> these proteins are called channel proteins, which form protein channels and carrier proteins which allow carrier-mediated transport
- protein channels allow the diffusion of water-soluble molecules across the cell membrane
> unlike channel proteins, carrier proteins are only open on one side of the membrane at a time
- when a specific substance binds to the binding site within the carrier protein, the carrier protein changes shape and it opens to the other side, releasing the substance on the side opposite to where it entered
88
What are some characteristics of carrier- mediated transport?
- carrier proteins are specific
- carriers can become saturated
- carrier activity is regulated by substances like hormones
89
What are the 2 types of carrier mediated transport?
Facilitated diffusion and Active transport
90
Explain vesicular transport:
- the movement of substances across the cell membrane in membranous sacs called vesicles
>2 types:
- Endocytosis (includes Pino/phagocytosis)
- Exocytosis
91
Explain the movement within a cell:
- molecules and ions will shift via diffusion
- the endoplasmic reticulum transports proteins the cell has made
- the microtubules act like railway tracks and guide organelles or molecules to particular places within a cell
- microtubules are not permanent structure and are able to be broken down or built up as necessary in various parts of the cell
92
Why are cells so small?
- human cells are about 10-15 micrometers in diameter
- requirements and products of a cell must pass the membrane that surrounds it
- the relationship between the surface area of the cell and the volume is very important
- as a cell grows the ability to exchange enough materials to support it increasing volumes diminished because the volume increase at a greater rate than the surface area
- a large cell could not support itself because it wouldn't have enough surface to absorb the nutrients required and would therefore break down and die
93
Explain how cells make up a body:
The body is organised on four structural levels:
1. Cells. are specialised to carry out different fuctions
2. Cells with similar specialisations that carry out different functions
3. Different types of tissues work together as organs.
- an organ is normally made up of two or more tissues
4. The highest level of organisation is the system
- a system is a group of organs that work together for a common purpose
94
What are the 4 basic classification types of tissue?
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
95
Explain epithelial tissue:
- covering or lining tissue
- cells that make up this tissue are closely joined together
- outer layer of the skin
- the heart, kidneys, intestines, liver and lungs are covered with this tissue
- lines the insides of hollow organs
96
Explain connective tissue:
- provides support for the body and helps to hold all body parts together
- cells are separated from each other by large amounts of material (matrix)
- includes bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments and adipose tissue
- blood is clarified as connective tissue (the matrix being the liquid in which the blood cells are suspended)
97
Explain muscular tissue:
```
- cells of muscle tissue (muscle fibres) are long, thin and contract to become shorter
>3 types:
- Skeletal
- Smooth
- Cardiac
```
98
Explain skeletal muscle:
- attached to bone
| - also called voluntary or striated muscle
99
Explain smooth muscle:
- found in the walls of the stomach and intestines
| - also called involuntary or non striated muscle
100
Explain cardiac muscle:
- makes up most of the heart
| - also called heart muscle
101
Explain nervous tissue:
- made up of specialised nerve cells called neurons
- have long projections from the body of the cell
- when part of the neuron is stimulated, messages are carried along the projections from one part of the body to another
- found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves
102
Explain organs:
- comprised of two or more types of tissue
- tissues work together to carry out a certain task
Eg. The heart is mostly cardiac muscle but covered and lined with epithelium. It also contains nervous tissue to make muscles contract. all tissues work together to make the heart pump blood
103
Explain systems:
- various organs are organised into a body/organ system
| - most systems have a primary and secondary function
104
Explain "the organism":
- all body systems work together to meet the needs of a functioning organism
