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Human Bio 2021 > CH 1 Investigating Human Biology > Flashcards

CH 1 Investigating Human Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is human biological science?

A

The scientific study of humans and their interaction with their environment

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2
Q

What are the 2 aspects to science?

A

> Science is a process of inquiry- a way of finding out about human beings and their living and non-living organisms
Science is a body of knowledge- knowledge gained by systematic observation and testing of ideas

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3
Q

What are the things scientists do to investigate?

A
  • Literature review
  • Observation
  • Classification
  • Experimentation
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4
Q

What is a literature review?

A

A review of books, scientific journals and the internet to see what information has already been collected by others.

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5
Q

What is an observation?

A

Information is gathered by using the sense or instruments that enhance the senses.

  • Patient observation produces data that must be carefully analysed
  • Scientists look for patterns and trends in the data and draw conclusions
  • Observation might not always conclude a scientific investigation
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7
Q

What is experimentation?

A
  • Propose a hypothesis, a possible explanation or solution to a problem, then design experiments to test it
  • An experiment must be designed so that the evidence either supports or disproves the hypothesis. This is done by testing one variable at a time
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8
Q

What is an observation?

A

The process of using the senses to acquire information

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9
Q

What is classification?

A

The grouping of organisms based on the similarity of their characteristics, the placement of organisms into groups

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10
Q

What is a variable?

A

Any factor that may change during an experiment

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11
Q

What does control mean?

A

A procedure carried out to give a comparison in an experiment

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12
Q

What is anatomy?

A

Structure of the body

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13
Q

What is anthropology?

A

Relationships between biological, cultural, geographical and historical aspects of humans to mean the same as human biology

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14
Q

What is archaeology?

A

Material evidence of the past such as tools, weapons and art rather than written recrords

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15
Q

What is biochemistry?

A

Chemistry of all living things

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16
Q

What is cytology?

A

cells

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17
Q

What is demography?

A

Statistical study of populations

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18
Q

What is embryology?

A

Development from fertilisation to birth

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19
Q

What is genetics?

A

How characteristics are passed from generation to generation

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20
Q

What is molecular biology?

A

Macromolecules of the cell

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21
Q

What is nutrition?

A

Food requirements of humans

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22
Q

What is palaeontology?

A

fossils

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23
Q

What is Physiology

A

Functioning of living things

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24
Q

What is prehistory?

A

The past, before the time of written records

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25
Q

What is primatology?

A

Non-human members of the order of primates

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26
Explain the steps of the scientific method?
1. Recognition of problem 2. Collection of information relating to the problem 3. Making a hypothesis 4. Testing the hypothesis 5. Collection of data from experiment 6. If hypothesis is supported, make a conclusion
27
Identify different variables?
Independent variable- (always 1), the factor being investigated/ changed Dependent variable- (can be multiple), the factor that is being measured due to change in the independent variable Controlled variable- (should be multiple), factors kept the same
28
How to develop a hypothesis?
- Requires investigation to collect evidence that will support it and therefore must be testable >A good hypothesis: - is a definite statement not a question - has a single idea to be tested - usually links the independent and dependent variable
29
What is psychology?
Human behaviour
30
What is sociology?
Nature of human society
31
How to test a hypothesis?
> Has to be a fair test - must have experimental and control group > scientists observe and record all the information - Measurement- quantitative - Direct observation- qualitative > repetition increases reliability and decreases level of error
37
Types of graphs?
Line- continuous data Bar and column- discrete data Histogram- showing frequencies
42
What to include in a table graph?
- A title must be used - The independent variable on the left and dependent variable on the right - Each column has a heading that names the variable and the units
43
What to include in a drawn graph?
- Includes a title that summarises the relationship between the variables - Labelling the axis - Indicate the units for each axis - Use a scale with equal intervals on each axis
44
How to interpret data?
- Data from a well-designed experiment should either prove or disprove the hypothesis - Disproved hypotheses are modified or completely changed - If there is enough supporting evidence to support hypothesis then it becomes a theory
45
What is data?
Observations and measurements; the results of an experiment
46
What is a hypothesis?
A possible explanation to account for observations
47
What is scientific method?
A process of conducting valid investigations
48
How to evaluate an experiment?
- Reflect on results of investigation > Consider: Validity- the experiment design ensures the independent variable alone is tested Accuracy- how correct the measurements are Reliability- how consistent the results of the test were - Increase reliability through repetition, controlling variables and appropriate equipment use
49
What is a fair test?
An experiment that only changes the independent variable and controls all other variables to test the hypothesis
50
What is a Bar/column graph?
a graph for discrete data using horizontal bars
51
What is continuous data?
Quantitative data with an infinite number of possibilities
51
What is a prediction?
A guess at what might happen in the future
52
What is qualitative data?
Observations that do not involve numbers or measurement
53
What is quantitative data?
Data expressed in numbers; usually involves in measurement
54
What are the principles that an investigation must require to meet ethical standards?
``` - ethics committees examine proposals for research involving human and the if the proposed investigation satisfies ethical standards, give approval to go ahead The principles are: - Voluntary participation - Informed consent - Risk of harm - Confidentiality - Anonymity ```
55
What is a line graph?
A graph used to represent continuous data
55
What is a test?
A method used to collect data to determine whether a hypothesis is supported or not
56
What is a histogram?
A graph to represent the frequency distribution of data
57
What is Voluntary participation?
people should not be pressures into doing an investigation
58
What is informed consent?
participants must be fully informed about the objective of the investigation (any risks and potential benefits)
59
What is risk of harm?
it is difficult to be aware of potential risks but the possibility of harm should be minimised
60
What is confidentiality?
procedures ensure that identities of participants are not revealed except in the study
61
What is anonymity?
stronger guarantee of privacy, participants are kept anonymous even from the researchers
62
What is repetition?
Doing the same experiment many times
63
How a placebo works?
- used in research into the effectiveness of medical treatments such as a new medicinal drug - a placebo is used that replicates the real drug - there is a control group and an experimental group - does not have to be a tablet it could be an injection, skin patch, nasal spray, diet etc - placebo effect may occur
64
What is a conclusion?
A summary of how the data supports or disproves the hypothesis
65
What is accuracy?
the extent to which the measurements are correct
65
What is interpretation?
An attempt to explain the observations
66
What is ethics?
Moral principles or values
66
What is a human error?
A error due to the limitations of human ability
66
What is a random error?
An error in an experiment due to limits to the precision of the measurements
66
What is reliability?
The extent to which an experiment gives the same result each time it is performed
66
What is a systematic error?
An error that occurs in an experiment because of the way the experiment was designed
66
What is a theory?
A hypothesis becomes a theory when there is overwhelming evidence to support it
66
What is validity?
The extent to which an experiment test what it is supposed to test
67
What is ethical behaviour?
Behaviour that conforms to a set of moral principles or values
69
What is a blind experiment?
an experiment where the subjects do not know whether they are receiving the test treatment or the placebo
69
What is a double-blind experiment?
An experiment where neither the subject not the experimenter knows who receives the test treatment
69
What is a placebo?
A substance or procedure that has no therapeutic effect but is used as a control test
69
What is a placebo effect?
A change or improvement in patients who are given a placebo or ‘dummy’ treatment

Human Bio 2021 (8 decks)

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