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Human Bio 2021 > CH 1 Investigating Human Biology > Flashcards

CH 1 Investigating Human Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is human biological science?

A

The scientific study of humans and their interaction with their environment

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2
Q

What are the 2 aspects to science?

A

> Science is a process of inquiry- a way of finding out about human beings and their living and non-living organisms
Science is a body of knowledge- knowledge gained by systematic observation and testing of ideas

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3
Q

What are the things scientists do to investigate?

A
  • Literature review
  • Observation
  • Classification
  • Experimentation
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4
Q

What is a literature review?

A

A review of books, scientific journals and the internet to see what information has already been collected by others.

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5
Q

What is an observation?

A

Information is gathered by using the sense or instruments that enhance the senses.

  • Patient observation produces data that must be carefully analysed
  • Scientists look for patterns and trends in the data and draw conclusions
  • Observation might not always conclude a scientific investigation
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7
Q

What is experimentation?

A
  • Propose a hypothesis, a possible explanation or solution to a problem, then design experiments to test it
  • An experiment must be designed so that the evidence either supports or disproves the hypothesis. This is done by testing one variable at a time
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8
Q

What is an observation?

A

The process of using the senses to acquire information

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9
Q

What is classification?

A

The grouping of organisms based on the similarity of their characteristics, the placement of organisms into groups

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10
Q

What is a variable?

A

Any factor that may change during an experiment

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11
Q

What does control mean?

A

A procedure carried out to give a comparison in an experiment

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12
Q

What is anatomy?

A

Structure of the body

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13
Q

What is anthropology?

A

Relationships between biological, cultural, geographical and historical aspects of humans to mean the same as human biology

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14
Q

What is archaeology?

A

Material evidence of the past such as tools, weapons and art rather than written recrords

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15
Q

What is biochemistry?

A

Chemistry of all living things

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16
Q

What is cytology?

A

cells

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17
Q

What is demography?

A

Statistical study of populations

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18
Q

What is embryology?

A

Development from fertilisation to birth

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19
Q

What is genetics?

A

How characteristics are passed from generation to generation

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20
Q

What is molecular biology?

A

Macromolecules of the cell

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21
Q

What is nutrition?

A

Food requirements of humans

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22
Q

What is palaeontology?

A

fossils

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23
Q

What is Physiology

A

Functioning of living things

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24
Q

What is prehistory?

A

The past, before the time of written records

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25
Q

What is primatology?

A

Non-human members of the order of primates

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26
Q

Explain the steps of the scientific method?

A
  1. Recognition of problem
  2. Collection of information relating to the problem
  3. Making a hypothesis
  4. Testing the hypothesis
  5. Collection of data from experiment
  6. If hypothesis is supported, make a conclusion
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27
Q

Identify different variables?

A

Independent variable- (always 1), the factor being investigated/ changed
Dependent variable- (can be multiple), the factor that is being measured due to change in the independent variable
Controlled variable- (should be multiple), factors kept the same

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28
Q

How to develop a hypothesis?

A
  • Requires investigation to collect evidence that will support it and therefore must be testable
    >A good hypothesis:
  • is a definite statement not a question
  • has a single idea to be tested
  • usually links the independent and dependent variable
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29
Q

What is psychology?

A

Human behaviour

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30
Q

What is sociology?

A

Nature of human society

31
Q

How to test a hypothesis?

A

> Has to be a fair test
- must have experimental and control group
scientists observe and record all the information
- Measurement- quantitative
- Direct observation- qualitative
repetition increases reliability and decreases level of error

37
Q

Types of graphs?

A

Line- continuous data
Bar and column- discrete data
Histogram- showing frequencies

42
Q

What to include in a table graph?

A
  • A title must be used
  • The independent variable on the left and dependent variable on the right
  • Each column has a heading that names the variable and the units
43
Q

What to include in a drawn graph?

A
  • Includes a title that summarises the relationship between the variables
  • Labelling the axis
  • Indicate the units for each axis
  • Use a scale with equal intervals on each axis
44
Q

How to interpret data?

A
  • Data from a well-designed experiment should either prove or disprove the hypothesis
  • Disproved hypotheses are modified or completely changed
  • If there is enough supporting evidence to support hypothesis then it becomes a theory
45
Q

What is data?

A

Observations and measurements; the results of an experiment

46
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A possible explanation to account for observations

47
Q

What is scientific method?

A

A process of conducting valid investigations

48
Q

How to evaluate an experiment?

A
  • Reflect on results of investigation
    > Consider:
    Validity- the experiment design ensures the independent variable alone is tested
    Accuracy- how correct the measurements are
    Reliability- how consistent the results of the test were
  • Increase reliability through repetition, controlling variables and appropriate equipment use
49
Q

What is a fair test?

A

An experiment that only changes the independent variable and controls all other variables to test the hypothesis

50
Q

What is a Bar/column graph?

A

a graph for discrete data using horizontal bars

51
Q

What is continuous data?

A

Quantitative data with an infinite number of possibilities

51
Q

What is a prediction?

A

A guess at what might happen in the future

52
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

Observations that do not involve numbers or measurement

53
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

Data expressed in numbers; usually involves in measurement

54
Q

What are the principles that an investigation must require to meet ethical standards?

A 
- ethics committees examine proposals for research involving human and the if the proposed investigation satisfies ethical standards, give approval to go ahead
The principles are:
- Voluntary participation
- Informed consent
- Risk of harm
- Confidentiality
- Anonymity
55
Q

What is a line graph?

A

A graph used to represent continuous data

55
Q

What is a test?

A

A method used to collect data to determine whether a hypothesis is supported or not

56
Q

What is a histogram?

A

A graph to represent the frequency distribution of data

57
Q

What is Voluntary participation?

A

people should not be pressures into doing an investigation

58
Q

What is informed consent?

A

participants must be fully informed about the objective of the investigation (any risks and potential benefits)

59
Q

What is risk of harm?

A

it is difficult to be aware of potential risks but the possibility of harm should be minimised

60
Q

What is confidentiality?

A

procedures ensure that identities of participants are not revealed except in the study

61
Q

What is anonymity?

A

stronger guarantee of privacy, participants are kept anonymous even from the researchers

62
Q

What is repetition?

A

Doing the same experiment many times

63
Q

How a placebo works?

A
  • used in research into the effectiveness of medical treatments such as a new medicinal drug
  • a placebo is used that replicates the real drug
  • there is a control group and an experimental group
  • does not have to be a tablet it could be an injection, skin patch, nasal spray, diet etc
  • placebo effect may occur
64
Q

What is a conclusion?

A

A summary of how the data supports or disproves the hypothesis

65
Q

What is accuracy?

A

the extent to which the measurements are correct

65
Q

What is interpretation?

A

An attempt to explain the observations

66
Q

What is ethics?

A

Moral principles or values

66
Q

What is a human error?

A

A error due to the limitations of human ability

66
Q

What is a random error?

A

An error in an experiment due to limits to the precision of the measurements

66
Q

What is reliability?

A

The extent to which an experiment gives the same result each time it is performed

66
Q

What is a systematic error?

A

An error that occurs in an experiment because of the way the experiment was designed

66
Q

What is a theory?

A

A hypothesis becomes a theory when there is overwhelming evidence to support it

66
Q

What is validity?

A

The extent to which an experiment test what it is supposed to test

67
Q

What is ethical behaviour?

A

Behaviour that conforms to a set of moral principles or values

69
Q

What is a blind experiment?

A

an experiment where the subjects do not know whether they are receiving the test treatment or the placebo

69
Q

What is a double-blind experiment?

A

An experiment where neither the subject not the experimenter knows who receives the test treatment

69
Q

What is a placebo?

A

A substance or procedure that has no therapeutic effect but is used as a control test

69
Q

What is a placebo effect?

A

A change or improvement in patients who are given a placebo or ‘dummy’ treatment

Human Bio 2021 (8 decks)

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