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Anatomy & Physiology 1 STLCC BIO 207-408 > Ch 5 Terms & Objectives > Flashcards

Ch 5 Terms & Objectives Flashcards

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1
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Produce a protein mixture (Keratin) which increase the durability of the cells giving the ability to resist abrasion & reduce water loss

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2
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce pigment (melanin) contributing to skin color

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3
Q

Langerhans Cells

A

Part of the Immune System

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4
Q

Merkel Cells

A

Specialized epidermal cells associated with nerve endings responsible for detecting light touch and superficial pressure

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5
Q

Keratinization

A

As keratinocytes move from the deepest layer of the epidermis, they fill with keratin, undergo apoptosis, and are sloughed off

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6
Q

Lamellar Bodies

A

Lipid-filled

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7
Q

Keratohyalin

A

Protein Granules

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8
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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9
Q

Callus

A

Thickened stratum Corneum layer due to increased friction or pressure

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10
Q

Corn

A

Thickened skin over boney prominences

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11
Q

Melanin

A

A group of pigments responsible for skin, hair & eye color
-Protects against UV light from the sun
-Produced by melanocytes
-Packaged into vesicles (melanosomes)
-Melanosomes move into the cell processes of the melanocyte
-Keratinocytes phagocytize the tip of the cell processes and pick up the
melanosomes that are filled with melanin

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12
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce pigment (melanin) contributing to skin color

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13
Q

Erythema

A

Increased blood flow in the skin
-Reddish hue
-Due to an inflammatory response such as infection, sunburn, or allergic
reaction
Body temperature changes due to emotion or the external environment
can also cause this

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14
Q

Cyanosis

A

Decreased blood flow in the skin
-Bluish hue

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15
Q

Carotene

A

Yellow pigment found in plants such as carrots and corn
-Excess of the pigment can accumulate in the Stratus Corneum and adipocytes of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue
-Yellowish hue
-Slowly disappears once intake in reduced

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16
Q

Dermal Papillae

A

Projections into the epidermis

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17
Q

Friction Ridges

A

formed by the thick skin (palms & soles) that overlies dermal papilla

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18
Q

Cleavage Lines

A

Formed by elastic & collagen fibers oriented in the same direction
-Incisions are made along these lines rather than across them for better healing

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19
Q

Hair Shaft

A

Protrudes above the surface of the skin

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20
Q

Hair Root

A

Located below the surface of the skin

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21
Q

Hair Bulb

A

Expanded portion at the base of the Hair Root

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22
Q

Hair Follicle

A

Tube-like invagination of the epidermis that extends into the dermis

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23
Q

Hair Matrix

A

Mass of undifferentiated epithelial cells that produce the hair & internal epithelial root sheath

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24
Q

Hair Papilla

A

Portion of the dermis that projects into the hair bulb
-Blood vessels provide nourishment to the matrix cells

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25
Q

Arrector Pili Muscle

A

Smooth muscle cells that make the hair “stand on end” when contracted
-Humans produce goosebumps
-Other mammals important for warmth and communication

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26
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

Produce sebum
-Mostly associated with hair
-Sebum prevents drying and protects against some bacteria

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27
Q

Sebum

A

Oily white substance rich in lipids

28
Q

Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands

A

-Eccrine (merocrine ) sweat glands
-Apocrine Sweat Glands

29
Q

Eccrine (Merocrine) Sweat Glands

A

Helps regulate body temperature by secreting sweat onto the sins surface which evaporates & cools the body

30
Q

Apocrine Sweat Glands

A

Become active during puberty as a result of sex hormones
-Secrete smelly sweat (body odor) into hair follicle
-Location, armpits & genitalia

31
Q

Sweat

A

Fluid or moisture secreted from the sweat gland to the surface of the skin

32
Q

Ceruminous Glands

A

Modified eccrine sweat glands located in the ear canal

33
Q

Cerumen

A

Ear wax that protects the tympanic membrane from dirt & small insects

34
Q

Mammary Glands

A

Modified apocrine sweat glands located in the breasts
-Produce milk

35
Q

Nail Matrix

A

Epithelial tissue was a stratum Basale that gives rise to the cells that form the nail

36
Q

Nail Root

A

Covered by skin

37
Q

Nail Body

A

Visible portion of the nail
-Free edge, portion that hangs over the phalanx

38
Q

Hyponychium

A

Thickened region of the stratum Corneum beneath the free edge

39
Q

Nail Folds

A

Skin that covers the lateral & proximal edges of the nail body

40
Q

Cuticle

A

Stratum Corneum of the nail fold that grows onto the nail body

41
Q

Nail Bed

A

Just below the nail body and appears pink through the nail body

42
Q

Lunula

A

Small white part of the matrix that is seen through the nail body

43
Q

Functions of Skin

A

-Protection- acts as barrier from ultraviolet light and microorganisms while preventing dehydration by reducing water loss (waterproofing)
-Sensation- Sensory receptors that detect heat, cold, touch, pressure & pain
-Temperature Regulation- Through modulation of Blood flow through the skin & the activity of sweat glands
-Vitamin D production- When exposed to UV light the skin produces a molecule that can be transformed into a hormonal form of vitamin D
-Excretion- Small amounts of waste products are excreted from skin & glands

44
Q

Keratinization

A

As Keratinocytes move from the deepest layer of the epidermis, they fill with keratin, undergo apoptosis and are sloughed off

45
Q

Steps of keratinization

A

1) Keratinocytes anchored to the basement membrane by hemidesmosomes and to each other by desmosomes
2) Stem cells undergo mitotic division pushing through the daughter cells toward the surface
3) Keratinocytes flatten as they are pushed to the surface
4) Accumulate keratin fibers & lamellar bodies (lipid filled)
5) Accumulate keratohyalin (protein granules)
6) lamellar bodies release lipids into the extracellular space
7) Cells undergo programmed cell death (Apoptosis)
-Nucleus and other organelles degenerate
-Keratin fiber & keratohyalin granules remain
8) Keratohyalin disperses around keratin fibers and appears clear
9) As cells continue to be pushed to the surface, they are sloughed off
10) Cells filled with keratin mixture (keratin and Keratohyalin) and surrounded by lipids
11) Keratin mixture provides the strong barrier
12) Lipids play a role in waterproofing the skin

46
Q

3 Skin Layers

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous Layer

47
Q

Epidermis

A

Superficial Layer of stratified squamous epithelial cells
-No Blood vessels
-Living Cells receive nutrients & excrete waste products between
epidermis & capillaries of the dermis

48
Q

Epidermis Cells

A
  • Keratinocytes
  • Melanocytes
  • Langerhans Cells
  • Merkel Cells
49
Q

5 stratum layers of the epidermis (listed deep to superficial)

A

-Stratum Basale
-Stratum Spinosum
-Stratum granulosum
-Stratum Lucidum
-Stratum Corneum

50
Q

Stratum Basale

A

Single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells (keratinocytes)
-Anchored to the basement membrane by hemidesmosomes & to each other by desmosomes
-Stem cells undergo mitotic division pushing the daughter cells toward the surface

51
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

8-10 cell layers
-Keratinocytes flatten as they are pushed to the surface
-Accumulate keratin fibers & lamellar bodies (lipid-filled)

52
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

2-5 cell layers
-Accumulate keratohyalin (protein granules)
-Lamellar bodies release lipids into the extracellular space
-Cells undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis)
-Nucleus & other organelles degenerate
-Keratin fibers and Keratohyalin granules remain

53
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

Thin, clear layer of dead cells
-Only found in thick skin
-Keratohyalin disperses around keratin fibers and appears clear

54
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

25+ layers of dead, overlapping squamous cells
-as cells continue to be pushed to the surface these cells are sloughed off
-Cells filled with keratin mixture (keratin and Keratohyalin) surrounded by lipids
-Keratin mixture, provide strong barrier
-Lipids, play a role in waterproofing the skin

55
Q

Difference between thick skin and thin skin and location of each

A

Thick skin- Have all 5 strata layers
-Location- areas subject to friction (palms of hands & soles of feet)
-No hair
Thin Skin- Lacks the stratum lucidum layer and the rest of the strata have fewer layers
-Location- covers the rest of the body
-Hair

56
Q

Steps involved in the production of skin color

A

Melanocytes produce melanin
Melanosomes (vesicles) package melanocytes
Melanosomes move into the cell processes of the melanocyte
Keratinocytes phagocytize the tips of the cell processes and pick up the melanosomes that are filled with melanin

57
Q

Characteristics and tissue types of the Dermis

A

Connective tissue layer deep to the epidermis
-Papillary Layer
-Reticular Layer

58
Q

Papillary layer vs the reticular layer

A

Papillary Layer- Loose Connective tissue layer
Reticular Layer- Dense irregular connective tissue that are resistant to stretching in many directions

59
Q

Papillary Layer

A

Lose connective tissue layer
-Dermal papillae
-Blood vessels supply the epidermis with oxygen & other nutrients
removes waste products and helps regulate body temperature
-Friction Ridges, formed by the thick skin (palms and soles) that overlies
dermal papilla

60
Q

Reticular layer

A

Dense irregular connective tissue that are resistant to stretching in many directions
-Cleavage lines, formed by elastin & collagen fibers
-Also contains nerve endings, hair follicles, smooth muscle, glands &
lymphatic vessels

61
Q

Characteristics of the subcutaneous layer (Hypodermis)

A

Hypo=Below Dermis=Skin
-Layer below the sin that attaches to the underlying muscle and bone
-Loose connective tissue with collagen & elastic fibers
-Cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes & macrophages
-Half of the body’s lipid are stored here for insulation and a source of
energy

62
Q

Organization and components of the hair and its follicle

A

-Shaft (above skin)
-Root (below skin)
-Hair Bulb (base of hair root)
-Hair
-Medulla
-Cortex
-Cuticle
-Arrector Pili (smooth muscle)
-Sebaceous Gland
-Hair Follicle
-Dermal Root Sheath
-External Epithelial soot sheath
-Internal Epithelial root sheath
-Matrix
-Hair Papilla

63
Q

Different glands associated with the skin and what they produce

A

-Sebaceous Glands
-Sweat (sudoriferous) Glands
-Ceruminous Glands
-Mammary Glands

64
Q

Organization and component of nails

A

-Nail matrix
-Nail Roots
-Nail Body
-Hyponychium
-Nail Folds
-Nail Bed
-Lanula

65
Q

Physiological functions of skin

A

-Protection
-Sensation
-Temperature regulation
-Vitamin D
-Excretion

66
Q

How skin helps in body temperature regulation

A

-Body temperature increases- Blood vessels dilate allowing heat to be lost through the skin
-Body temperature decreases- Blood vessels constrict preventing heat loss from the skin

Anatomy & Physiology 1 STLCC BIO 207-408 (14 decks)

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