Ch 1 Terms & Objectives list Flashcards
Anatomy
Study of the body structure
Physiology
Study of the body function
Cytology
Study of Cells (requires microscope)
Histology
Study of tissues (requires microscope)
Gross Anatomy
Study of structures without a microscope
System Anatomy
Study of groups of structures with common functions
Surface Anatomy
Study of exterior body to help visualize interior of the body
Organelle
Molecules form organelles (nucleus, mitochondria)
Cells
Basic structural functional unit of all organisms made of organelles
Tissues
Collection of cells
Organs
Multiple tissues form organs
Organ systems
Group of organs with common function
Organism
Collection of organ systems form organism
Organization (characteristic if life)
Interrelationships among parts of an organism
Metabolism (characteristic of life)
Ability to use energy to perform vital functions
Responsiveness (characteristic of life)
Ability to sense changes in internal and external environments and adjust to those changes
Growth (characteristic of life)
Increase in size or number of cells in organism
Development (characteristic of life)
Changes the organism undergoes though time (fertilization - death)
Reproduction (characteristic of life)
Formation of new cells or a new organism
Homeostasis
Exitance and maintenance of relatively constant environment on the body
Negative feedback
Response to resist stimulus and return to normal range
Receptor
Monitors a condition by detecting stimuli
Control Center
Receives information from receptors about a change and sends command to an effector
Effector
Returns condition back to normal
Positive feedback
Response to stimulus is to increase deviation to condition (until something stops it)
Anatomical position
A person standing erect with face forward, upper limbs hanging by sides and palms facing forward
Supine
Laying face upward
Prone
Laying face downward
Superior
Above (relative to…)
Cephalic
Toward the head
Inferior
Below (in relationship to…)
Caudal
Toward the tail
Anterior
In front
Ventral
Toward the belly
Posterior
Behind
Dorsal
Toward the back
Proximal
In proximity or close to
Distal
In the distance or far from
Medial
Toward the midline
Lateral
Away from the midline
Superficial
Close to the surface of the body
Deep
Toward the interior of the body
Most superior (cephalic) body part
Head
Body part inferior to Head and superior to Trunk
Neck
Body part inferior to neck and superior to Lower Limbs
Trunk
Body parts within the Trunk
Thorax- Heart & Lungs
Abdomen- Organs; such as liver, stomach, intestines
Pelvis- Bladder & Reproductive organs
Thoracic (Thorax)
Heart & Lungs
Abdomen
Organs such as liver, stomach & intestines
Pelvis
Bladder & reproductive organs
Upper Limb contains:
Arm
Forearm
Wrist
Manual (Hand)
Lower Limb contains:
Thigh
Leg
Ankle
Pedal (Foot)
Arm
Proximal to the shoulder
Forearm
Proximal to the Wrist
Thigh
Proximal to the hip
Leg
Proximal to the Ankle
Quadrants
subdividing the abdomen into four parts
List four quandrants
Right Upper
Left Upper
Right Lower
Left Lower
Regions
subdividing the abdomen into nine parts
List Nine Regions
Epigastric
Umbilical
Hypogastric
Left & Right Hypochondrial
Left & Right Lumbar
Left & Right Iliac
Sagittal Plane
Divides the body into left and right halves
Medial Plane
Sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves
Transverse (horizontal) plane
divides the body into superior and inferior portions
Frontal (Coronal) Plane
Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
Longitudinal Section
Cut through he length of an organ
Transerve (Cross) section
Cut at right angle (Perpendicular) to length of organ
Oblique Section
Diagonal cut across an organ
Dorsal Cavity
Dorsal= Towards the back
-Cranial cavity; brain
-Vertebral Canal; Spinal cord
-Both covered by meninges
Ventral cavity
Ventral= Toward the belly
-Thoracic Cavity
-Pleural Cavity
-Mediastinum
-Pericardial cavity
-Abdominopelvic cavity
from the superior/inferior view
-Abdominal cavity
-Pelvic Cavity
or front to back
-Peritoneal Cavity
-Retroperitoneal Cavity
-Serous Membranes
Peritoneal cavity
contains: Liver, Digestive organs, reproductive organs
Retroperitoneal Cavity
Retro= Behind the peritoneal cavity
Contains: Kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands, large portion of pancreas, parts of the large intestines and urinary bladder
Thoracic Cavity
Pleural Cavity
Mediastinum
Pleural Cavities
-Pleura = Lung
Mediastinum
Heart, Thymus, Trachea, Esophagus
Pericardial Cavity
Peri=around cardial=the Heart
Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
or
Peritoneal cavity
Retroperitoneal cavity
Abdominal Cavity
Stomach, Intestines, Liver & Spleen
Pelvic cavity
Urinary Bladder Urethra, rectum of large intestine & reproductive organs
Peritoneal Cavity
Contains Liver, Digestive organs & reproductive organs
Retroperitoneal Cavity
Retro=Behind peritoneal cavity
-Kidneys, Ureters, Adrenal Glands, large portion of the pancreas parts of the large intestine & urinary bladder
Define Serous membrane
Two layered membrane lubricated by serous fluid
-Parietal layer - lines a cavity
-Visceral layer - covers organs contained in that cavity
Serous membrane of Pleural Cavity
- Parietal Pleura; Lines the pleural cavity
- Visceral Pleura; Covers the lungs
Serous membrane of the Pericardial cavity
-Parietal Pericardium; lines the pericardial cavity
-Visceral pericardium- covers the heart
Serous Membrane of the Peritoneal cavity
-Parietal Peritoneum; Lines the peritoneal cavity
-Visceral Peritoneum; Cover the organs- Liver, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, mesenteries
Mesenteries
Double folded visceral peritoneum
Relationship between Structure and Function
Structure follows function, the overall structure should relate to its intended function
Organization and different levels of the human body
-Chemical level
-Cell level
-Tissue level
-Organ level
-Organ System level
-Organism level
Characteristics of life
-Organization
-Metabolism
-Responsiveness
-Growth
-Development
-Reproduction
Homeostasis and why its important for the human body
The existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within a body
-Cells function within a narrow range of conditions
-Variables, changes in an environmental condition that can affect the
body’s condition
-Body’s ability to actively regulate its conditions despite these variable
Negative feedback
When any deviation to a specific condition occurs the response to the stimulus is to resist and return to normal range
Different components of the negative feedback and how they work together
-Receptor -Monitors a condition
-Control Center- Receives information from the receptor about the change and sends a command to the Effector
-Effector- Returns the condition back to normal
Give an example of negative feedback and describe the components that are involved
-Temperature receptors in skin detects increased body temperature (receptor)
-The brain sends a command (Control Center)
-Sweat Glands produce sweat to decrease body temperature (Effector)
Difference between negative feedback and positive feedback
Negative feedback- When any deviation to a specific condition occurs the response to the stimulus is to RESIST and return to normal range
Positive feedback- When any deviation to a specific condition occurs, the response to the stimulus is to INCREASE the deviation even more
Give an example of positive feedback and how it works
-Stimulus- Babys head stretches the uterus stimulating contractions
-Contraction push the baby’s head against the opening stimulating more contractions and more stretching
-What stops this? the birth of the baby
Difference between planes and sections
Planes- Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body dividing it into sections
-Sagittal
-Median sagittal
-Transverse (Horizontal)
-Frontal (Coronal)
Sections- Organs can be sectioned to reveal their internal structure
-Longitudinal (length)
-Transverse (cross)
-Oblique (diagonal)
Components of the Dorsal and Ventral cavities
Dorsal= Towards the back
-Cranial cavity; brain
-Vertebral Canal; Spinal cord
-Both covered by meninges
Ventral= Toward the belly
-Thoracic Cavity
-Pleural Cavity
-Mediastinum
-Pericardial cavity
-Abdominopelvic cavity
from the superior/inferior view
-Abdominal cavity
-Pelvic Cavity
or front to back
-Peritoneal Cavity
-Retroperitoneal Cavity
-Serous Membranes
Difference between the parietal and visceral layer of serous membranes
-Parietal layer - lines a cavity
-Visceral layer - covers organs contained in that cavity
Give the three examples of cavities that have serous membranes
1) Pericardial cavity
2) Pleural cavity
3) Peritoneal Cavity
