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Anatomy & Physiology 1 STLCC BIO 207-408 > Ch 4 Terms & Objectives > Flashcards

Ch 4 Terms & Objectives Flashcards

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1
Q

Histology

A

Microscopic study of tissues

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2
Q

Apical Surface

A

Free surface where the cells are exposed and not attached to other cells

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3
Q

Basement Membrane (BM)

A

Specialized type of extracellular material secreted by epithelial tissue (ET) and connective tissue (CT)

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4
Q

Desmosomes

A

Strong adhesive structures (binds on both sides of the cell membrane)
Function- bind cell togethers

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5
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

Strong adhesive structures (hemi=half, only binds to basement membrane)
Function- bind cells to the Basement membrane

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6
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Hold cells together
Function- forms a permeability barrier

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7
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Specialized contact region between cells with protein channels that allow ions & small molecules to pass from cell to cell
Function-intracellular communication

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8
Q

Intercalated Disks

A

Specialized cell-to-cell connections in cardiac muscle -Contain both Gap junctions & Desmosomes

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9
Q

Glands

A

Secretory organs composed primarily of epithelial tissue with supporting network of connective tissue

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10
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Secrete components into DUCTS

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11
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Secrete components (hormones) into BLOOD

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12
Q

Mast Cells

A

Contain chemicals that play a role in inflammation

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13
Q

White Blood Cells (WBC)

A

Cells of the immune system that protect the body from infection and injury

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14
Q

Macrophages

A

Large, phagocytic cells derived from monocytes (type of white blood cell)

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15
Q

Platelets

A

Cell fragments that function in the production of blood clots to stop bleeding

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16
Q

Red Blood Cells (RBC)

A

Cells that transport oxygen to the tissues and some carbon dioxide from the tissues

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17
Q

Collagen Protein Fibers

A

Protein fiber with strong and flexible fibers
-Synthesize within fibroblasts
-Consist of the protein collagen

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18
Q

Reticular Protein Fibers

A

Short and thin fibers
-Form a network
-Consist of a type of collagen

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19
Q

Elastic Protein Fibers

A

Capable of returning to its original shape after being stretched or compressed
-Synthesized by fibroblasts
-Consist of the protein elastin

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20
Q

Hydroxyapatite

A

An inorganic mineral present in human bone and teeth

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21
Q

Lamellae

A

A thin layer, plate or membrane

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22
Q

Trabeculae

A

Structure within spongy bone, thin columns and plates

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23
Q

Striated

A

Striped in appearance

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24
Q

Intercalated Disks

A

Specialized cell-to-cell connections in cardiac muscle -Contain both Gap junctions & Desmosomes

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25
Q

Action Potentials

A

Electrical signals between dendrites and axons

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26
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells

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27
Q

Cell Body of Neurons

A

Contains the nucleus

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28
Q

Dendrites

A

Short projections of the cytoplasm that usually receive action potentials

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29
Q

Axon

A

Long projection of the cytoplasm that usually conducts action potential away from the cell body

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30
Q

Glia

A

support cells that nourish protect & insulate neurons

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31
Q

Lamina Propria

A

Thick layer of connective tissue

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32
Q

Mucus

A

Viscous protein substance secreted by goblet cells or multicellular mucous glands

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33
Q

Mesothelium

A

Simple squamous epithelial tissue and basement membrane

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34
Q

Serous Fluid

A

Watery fluid that lubricates the membrane

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35
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

Slippery fluid

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36
Q

Inflammation

A

Response that occurs when tissues are damaged

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37
Q

Chemical Mediators

A

Released or activated in the tissue and adjacent blood vessels

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38
Q

Tissue Repair

A

Substitution of viable cells for dead cells

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39
Q

Regeneration

A

New cells of the same type that were destroyed

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40
Q

Replacement

A

New type of tissue develops which eventually produces a scar and may cause some loss of function

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41
Q

Fibrin

A

Threadlike protein that produces a scab

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42
Q

Scab

A

Prevents blood loss

43
Q

Granulation Tissue

A

Replaces the clot
-epithelium grown completely into the wound
-approximately 2 weeks after injury

44
Q

Scar

A

replaces granulation tissue
-wound completely closed
-scab is sloughed off
-Approximately 1 month after injury

45
Q

Components of tissues

A

Collections of specialized cells and extracellular substances surrounding them (extracellular matrix)

46
Q

Common characteristics of Epithelial tissue

A

-Mostly composed of Cells
-Covers Body surfaces
-Distinct Tissue Surfaces
-Apical Surface
-Basement membrane
-Nonvascular (no blood supply)
-Regeneration

47
Q

Common functions of Epithelial tissue

A

-Protection (of underlying structures)
-Barrier (prevents substances from moving through it)
-Permitting the passage of substances
-Secreting substances (e.g. glands)
-Absorbing substances (plasma membranes of certain epithelial cells contain carrier proteins)

48
Q

Types of Epithelial Tissue

A

Epithelial Tissue (ET)
Connective Tissue (CT)
Muscle Tissue (MT)
Nervous Tissue (NT)

49
Q

Epithelial tissue cell and layer types

A

Cell shape
-Squamous; Flat
-Cuboidal; Cube shaped
-Columnar-,Column shaped
Layers
-Simple; Single layer
-Stratified; Multiple layers
-Pseudostratified; looks like multiple layers but not (pseudo=false)
-Transistional; Specialized type of stratified ET where the cells change
from cuboidal & columnar to squamous shaped when stretched

50
Q

Functional characteristics of Simple Squamous epithelial tissue

A

Simple squamous
Function
-Diffusion
-Filtration
Location
-Lining of blood vessel & heart
-Alveoli of Lungs
-Portions of Kidney tubules

51
Q

Functional characteristics of Simple Cuboidal epithelial tissue

A

Simple Cuboidal ET
Function
-Secretion
-Absorption
Location
-Glands
-Choroid Plexus of the Brain
-Kidney tubules

52
Q

Functional characteristics of Simple Columnar epithelial tissue

A

Simple Columnar ET
Function
-Secretion
-Movement of particles out of Lungs
-Movement of Oocytes through the Uterine Tubes
Location
-Glands
-Bronchioles of Lungs
-Uterus & Uterine tubes
-Stomach
-Intestines

53
Q

Functional characteristics of Stratified Squamous epithelial tissue

A

Stratified Squamous ET
Function
-Protection from Abrasion
-Barrier against infection
-Reduction of Water Loss from Body
Keratinized- As cells move toward the surface, the cytoplasm replaced with a protein (keratin) killing cells
-Cells near surface LOSE THEIR NUCLEI
-Location- Skin epidermis
No Keratinized
-All cells RETAIN THEIR NUCLEI
-Location-Mouth, Pharynx, larynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, & cornea

54
Q

Functional characteristics of Stratified Cuboidal epithelial tissue

A

Stratified Cuboidal ET
Function
-Secretion
Location
-Sweat Gland Ducts
-Salivary Gland Ducts

55
Q

Functional characteristics of Stratified Columnar epithelial tissue

A

Stratified Columnar ET
Function
-Protection
-Secretion
Location
-mammary Gland ducts
-Larynx

56
Q

Functional characteristics of Pseudostratified Columnar epithelial tissue

A

Pseudostratified Columnar ET
Characteristics
-Goblet cell
-Cilia
Function
-Synthesize & Secrete Mucus
-Move trapped Particles across the surface
Location
-Bronchi of the Lungs
-Lining of the Nasal Cavity
-Pharynx
-Trachea

57
Q

Functional characteristics of Transitional epithelial tissue

A

Transitional ET
Function
-Accommodate Fluctuations in Volume of fluid in organs or tubes
Location
-Urinary Bladder
-Ureters
-Urethra

58
Q

Simple cell layers characteristics and functions

A

Simple- one layer of cells allows for things to pass through easily
Function- Diffusion & Filtration

59
Q

Stratified cell layers characteristics and Functions

A

Stratified- multiple layers of cells creates protective layer
Function- Protection and barrier

60
Q

Squamous cell shape characteristics and functions

A

Squamous- flattened shape allows for things to pass through easily
Function- diffusion & filtration

61
Q

Cuboidal & Columnar cell shape characteristics and functions

A

Cuboidal & Columnar- have large volume of cytoplasm vs surface area allowing more organelles for synthesizing & secreting things
Function- secretion and absorption

62
Q

Differences in free surfaces in epithelial tissues and the function of each

A

Smooth- reduces friction
Function- allows things to pass through undisturbed
example- blood vessel
Microvilli- nonmotile (nonmotile=not move) extensions that increase surface area
Function- increase efficiency of absorption and secretion
example- intestines
Cilia-motile (motile=move) extensions that move materials across the surface
Function- move foreign particles out of the body and other materials
across the surface
example- Trachea

63
Q

Different cell connections in epithelial tissues and the function of each

A

Desmosomes & Hemidesmosomes- Strong adhesive structures
Function- bind cell togethers and to the BM
Tight Junctions- Hold cells together
Function- forms a permeability barrier
Gap Junctions- Specialized contact region between cells with protein channels that allow ions & small molecules to pass from cell to cell
Function-intracellular communication
Intercalated Disks- Specialized cell-to-cell connections in cardiac muscle -Contain both Gap junctions & Desmosomes

64
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A

-Enclosing & Separating other tissues
-Sheets separating connective tissue of other organs
-Separate muscles, arteries, veins, & nerves from one another
-Connective Tissues to One Another
-Tendon & ligaments
-Supporting and moving parts of the body
-Bones and Joints
-Storing Compounds
-Adipose (fat) tissue
-Cushing and Insultating
-Adipose tissue
Transportation
-Blood
-Protecting
-Immune cells

65
Q

Components of an extracellular matrix (ECM) in connective tissue

A

-Protein Fibers
-Collagen Fibers
-Reticular Fibers
-Elastic Fibers
-Ground Substance

66
Q

Difference between -blasts, -cytes, and -clasts

A

Blasts- Create the matrix
Cytes- Maintain the matrix
Clasts- Breakdown the matrix for remodeling

67
Q

List all connective tissue cell types

A

-Specialized cells of various connective tissue produce the extracellular matrix
-Bone cells
-Cartilage cells
-Fibrous Tissue cells
-Fat Cells
-Mast Cells
-White Blood cells
-Macrophages
-Platelets
-Red Blood cells

68
Q

Specialized cells of various connective tissue produce the extracellular matrix (Connective Tissue Cells)

A

Blasts- Create the matrix
Cytes- Maintain the matrix
Clasts- Breakdown the matrix for remodeling

69
Q

Bone cells (Connective Tissue Cells)

A

-Osteoblasts, osteocytes & osteoclasts

70
Q

Cartilage cells (Connective Tissue Cells)

A

-Chondroblast, Chondrocytes

71
Q

Fibrous Tissue cells (Connective Tissue Cells)

A

-Fibroblasts & Fibrocytes

72
Q

Fat Cells (Connective Tissue Cells)

A

-Adipocytes

73
Q

Mast Cells (Connective Tissue Cells)

A

-contain chemicals that play a role in inflammation

74
Q

White Blood cells (Connective Tissue Cells)

A

-Cells of the immune system that protect the body from infection and injury

75
Q

Macrophages (Connective Tissue Cells)

A

-large, phagocytic cells derived from monocytes

76
Q

Platelets (Connective Tissue Cells)

A

-Cell fragments that function in the production of blood clots

77
Q

Red Blood cells (Connective Tissue Cells)

A

-Cells that transport oxygen to the tissues and some carbon dioxide
from the tissues

78
Q

Difference between loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue types

A

Loose Connective tissue- few protein fibers compared to ground substance
Dense connective tissue- Large amounts of protein fibers when compared to ground substances

79
Q

Areolar tissue connective tissue; type, characteristics and the functions

A

Areolar tissue- Loose tissue, variety of fibers (mostly collogen) & cells (fibroblasts-
fibrocytes)
Function- attaches the skin to underlying tissues

80
Q

Adipose Tissue connective tissue; type, characteristics and the functions

A

Adipose Tissue- Loose tissue, made up mostly cells (adipocytes) filled with lipids
Function- insulation, protection & energy storage

81
Q

Reticular Tissue connective tissue; type, characteristics and the functions

A

Reticular tissue- Loose tissue, a network of reticular fibers
Function- framework of lymphatic tissue (spleen, lymph nodes & bone
marrow)

82
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue; type, characteristics and the functions

A

Dense Regular CT- Dense Tissue, collagen fibers arranged in a single direction
Function- strength in one direction in tendons (attach muscle to bone)
& ligaments (attach bone to bone)

83
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue; type, characteristics and the functions

A

Dense irregular CT- Dense tissue, Collagen fibers arranged as a meshwork in many
directions
Function- provides strength in many directions in the skin (the dermis)

84
Q

Cartilage characteristics

A

cartilage cells (chondroblasts > chondocytes within lacunae with rigid matrix

85
Q

Hyaline Cartilage; function and location

A

Hyaline Cartilage- collagen fibers evenly dispersed around chondrocytes
Function- Strong support and some flexibility with a smooth surface
Location- Surface of bones in joints, rib cage, trachea & bronchi

86
Q

Fibrocartilage; function and location

A

Fibrocartilage-Thick bundles of collagen fibers
Function- very tough but slightly compressible
Location- areas with a great deal of pressure (intervertebral disks)

87
Q

Elastic cartilage; function and location

A

Elastic cartilage- numerous elastic fibers dispersed throughout the matrix
Function- rigid with elastic properties
Location- external (ears)

88
Q

Components and function of bone

A

Components- Hard connective tissue with living cells (osteocytes within lacunae) within mineralized matrix (hydroxyapatite- calcium and phosphate)
Function- Strength & rigidity provide support & protection to other tissues/organs

89
Q

List the two types of bone and the difference between the two

A

Spongy bone- plates of bone with trabeculae in between
Compact bone- more solid structure forming lamellae

90
Q

General components and function of blood

A

The fluids connective tissue
-Components- red blood cells, white blood cells & platelets within a liquid matrix (plasma)
-Function- allows it to flow rapidly through the body for transportation of cell and materials

91
Q

Characteristics of muscle tissue and the characteristics, function, and location of each

A

Muscle tissue- Contracts (shortens) via contractile proteins with a force that results in movement
-Skeletal
-Cardiac
-Smooth

92
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue and the characteristics, function, and location

A

Attaches to the skeleton and enables the body to move
-voluntary (conscious) control
-Involuntary control- nervous system can cause skeletal muscle to
contract without conscious involvement (reflexes & muscle tone)
-Cells- long & cylindrical
-Nuclei-many
-Unbranched
-Striated- light and dark bands due to the arrangement of contractile
proteins

93
Q

Cardiac Muscle tissue and the characteristics, function, and location

A

Heart muscle responsible for pumping the blood
-Involuntary control- although a person can learn to influence heart rate
(HR) with techniques such as meditation
-Cells, short and cylindrical
-Nucleus, one
-Branched
-Intercalated disks, connects cells through specialized cap junctions
allowing coordination of contractions
-Striated

94
Q

Smooth Muscle tissue and the characteristics, function, and location

A

-Location- forms the walls of hollow organs (excluding the heart), skin & eyes
-Functions- Move food through the digestive tract, empty the urinary bladder and more
-Involuntary control
-Cells- tapered at both ends
-Nucleus, one
-Unbranched
-Not Striated

95
Q

Function and location of nervous tissue

A

Conducts electrical signals called action potentials
Location- Brain spinal chord and nerves

96
Q

Different types of tissue membranes and the component and functions of each

A

Mucous tissue

97
Q

Mucous tissue component and functions

A

Thin sheet of tissue that covers a structure or lines a cavity
-formed by superficial epithelial tissue that rests on connective tissue
-External-skin
-internal- mucous, serous & synovial

98
Q

Mucous Membrane component and functions

A

Lines cavities & canals that open to the outside of the body (e.g. digestive & respiratory tract)
-Epithelial cells & basement membrane
-Lamina Propria- thick layer of loose Connective tissue
-Mucus- viscous protein substance secreted by goblet cells or
multicellular mucous glands
Function-protection, absorption & secretion

99
Q

Serous Membranes components and functions

A

Lines cavities that do not open to the exterior of the body (pericardial, pleural & peritoneal)
-Mesothelium- simple squamous epithelial tissue and basement
membrane
-Delicate layer of connective tissue
-Serous Fluid- Watery fluid that lubricates the membrane
Function- protects internal organs from friction & hold them in place

100
Q

Synovial membranes components and function

A

Line freely movable joints
-modified connective tissue cells
-synovial fluid- slippery fluid
Function- facilitate smooth movement within the joint

101
Q

Inflammatory response involved

A

Inflammation- response that occurs when tissues are damaged
Inflammatory response- defense mechanism that mobilizes the body’s immune cells to isolate & destroy foreign materials and damaged cells

102
Q

Inflammatory response steps

A

1) Chemical mediators- released or activated in the tissues and adjacent blood vessels (BVs)
-Dilation of blood vessels- speeds up the arrival of white blood cells and other substances that fight infections & repair tissue
2) Tissue swelling- increased permeability of blood vessel allows fluid to leave the blood and enter the tissue
3) Recruitment of Immune Cells- white blood cells move into the tissue and begin to phagocytize bacteria & debris

103
Q

Tissue repair and the step involved

A

Substitution of viable cells for dead cells
-Regeneration
-Replacement
1) Fibrin Clot forms
2) Epithelial Cells grow into wound
3) Granulation Tissue forms
4) Scar replaces granulation tissue wound is completely closed

Anatomy & Physiology 1 STLCC BIO 207-408 (14 decks)

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