Ch 4 Terms & Objectives Flashcards
Histology
Microscopic study of tissues
Apical Surface
Free surface where the cells are exposed and not attached to other cells
Basement Membrane (BM)
Specialized type of extracellular material secreted by epithelial tissue (ET) and connective tissue (CT)
Desmosomes
Strong adhesive structures (binds on both sides of the cell membrane)
Function- bind cell togethers
Hemidesmosomes
Strong adhesive structures (hemi=half, only binds to basement membrane)
Function- bind cells to the Basement membrane
Tight Junctions
Hold cells together
Function- forms a permeability barrier
Gap Junctions
Specialized contact region between cells with protein channels that allow ions & small molecules to pass from cell to cell
Function-intracellular communication
Intercalated Disks
Specialized cell-to-cell connections in cardiac muscle -Contain both Gap junctions & Desmosomes
Glands
Secretory organs composed primarily of epithelial tissue with supporting network of connective tissue
Exocrine Glands
Secrete components into DUCTS
Endocrine Glands
Secrete components (hormones) into BLOOD
Mast Cells
Contain chemicals that play a role in inflammation
White Blood Cells (WBC)
Cells of the immune system that protect the body from infection and injury
Macrophages
Large, phagocytic cells derived from monocytes (type of white blood cell)
Platelets
Cell fragments that function in the production of blood clots to stop bleeding
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
Cells that transport oxygen to the tissues and some carbon dioxide from the tissues
Collagen Protein Fibers
Protein fiber with strong and flexible fibers
-Synthesize within fibroblasts
-Consist of the protein collagen
Reticular Protein Fibers
Short and thin fibers
-Form a network
-Consist of a type of collagen
Elastic Protein Fibers
Capable of returning to its original shape after being stretched or compressed
-Synthesized by fibroblasts
-Consist of the protein elastin
Hydroxyapatite
An inorganic mineral present in human bone and teeth
Lamellae
A thin layer, plate or membrane
Trabeculae
Structure within spongy bone, thin columns and plates
Striated
Striped in appearance
Intercalated Disks
Specialized cell-to-cell connections in cardiac muscle -Contain both Gap junctions & Desmosomes
Action Potentials
Electrical signals between dendrites and axons
Neurons
Nerve cells
Cell Body of Neurons
Contains the nucleus
Dendrites
Short projections of the cytoplasm that usually receive action potentials
Axon
Long projection of the cytoplasm that usually conducts action potential away from the cell body
Glia
support cells that nourish protect & insulate neurons
Lamina Propria
Thick layer of connective tissue
Mucus
Viscous protein substance secreted by goblet cells or multicellular mucous glands
Mesothelium
Simple squamous epithelial tissue and basement membrane
Serous Fluid
Watery fluid that lubricates the membrane
Synovial Fluid
Slippery fluid
Inflammation
Response that occurs when tissues are damaged
Chemical Mediators
Released or activated in the tissue and adjacent blood vessels
Tissue Repair
Substitution of viable cells for dead cells
Regeneration
New cells of the same type that were destroyed
Replacement
New type of tissue develops which eventually produces a scar and may cause some loss of function
Fibrin
Threadlike protein that produces a scab
Scab
Prevents blood loss
Granulation Tissue
Replaces the clot
-epithelium grown completely into the wound
-approximately 2 weeks after injury
Scar
replaces granulation tissue
-wound completely closed
-scab is sloughed off
-Approximately 1 month after injury
Components of tissues
Collections of specialized cells and extracellular substances surrounding them (extracellular matrix)
Common characteristics of Epithelial tissue
-Mostly composed of Cells
-Covers Body surfaces
-Distinct Tissue Surfaces
-Apical Surface
-Basement membrane
-Nonvascular (no blood supply)
-Regeneration
Common functions of Epithelial tissue
-Protection (of underlying structures)
-Barrier (prevents substances from moving through it)
-Permitting the passage of substances
-Secreting substances (e.g. glands)
-Absorbing substances (plasma membranes of certain epithelial cells contain carrier proteins)
Types of Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial Tissue (ET)
Connective Tissue (CT)
Muscle Tissue (MT)
Nervous Tissue (NT)
Epithelial tissue cell and layer types
Cell shape
-Squamous; Flat
-Cuboidal; Cube shaped
-Columnar-,Column shaped
Layers
-Simple; Single layer
-Stratified; Multiple layers
-Pseudostratified; looks like multiple layers but not (pseudo=false)
-Transistional; Specialized type of stratified ET where the cells change
from cuboidal & columnar to squamous shaped when stretched
Functional characteristics of Simple Squamous epithelial tissue
Simple squamous
Function
-Diffusion
-Filtration
Location
-Lining of blood vessel & heart
-Alveoli of Lungs
-Portions of Kidney tubules
Functional characteristics of Simple Cuboidal epithelial tissue
Simple Cuboidal ET
Function
-Secretion
-Absorption
Location
-Glands
-Choroid Plexus of the Brain
-Kidney tubules
Functional characteristics of Simple Columnar epithelial tissue
Simple Columnar ET
Function
-Secretion
-Movement of particles out of Lungs
-Movement of Oocytes through the Uterine Tubes
Location
-Glands
-Bronchioles of Lungs
-Uterus & Uterine tubes
-Stomach
-Intestines
Functional characteristics of Stratified Squamous epithelial tissue
Stratified Squamous ET
Function
-Protection from Abrasion
-Barrier against infection
-Reduction of Water Loss from Body
Keratinized- As cells move toward the surface, the cytoplasm replaced with a protein (keratin) killing cells
-Cells near surface LOSE THEIR NUCLEI
-Location- Skin epidermis
No Keratinized
-All cells RETAIN THEIR NUCLEI
-Location-Mouth, Pharynx, larynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, & cornea
Functional characteristics of Stratified Cuboidal epithelial tissue
Stratified Cuboidal ET
Function
-Secretion
Location
-Sweat Gland Ducts
-Salivary Gland Ducts
Functional characteristics of Stratified Columnar epithelial tissue
Stratified Columnar ET
Function
-Protection
-Secretion
Location
-mammary Gland ducts
-Larynx
Functional characteristics of Pseudostratified Columnar epithelial tissue
Pseudostratified Columnar ET
Characteristics
-Goblet cell
-Cilia
Function
-Synthesize & Secrete Mucus
-Move trapped Particles across the surface
Location
-Bronchi of the Lungs
-Lining of the Nasal Cavity
-Pharynx
-Trachea
Functional characteristics of Transitional epithelial tissue
Transitional ET
Function
-Accommodate Fluctuations in Volume of fluid in organs or tubes
Location
-Urinary Bladder
-Ureters
-Urethra
Simple cell layers characteristics and functions
Simple- one layer of cells allows for things to pass through easily
Function- Diffusion & Filtration
Stratified cell layers characteristics and Functions
Stratified- multiple layers of cells creates protective layer
Function- Protection and barrier
Squamous cell shape characteristics and functions
Squamous- flattened shape allows for things to pass through easily
Function- diffusion & filtration
Cuboidal & Columnar cell shape characteristics and functions
Cuboidal & Columnar- have large volume of cytoplasm vs surface area allowing more organelles for synthesizing & secreting things
Function- secretion and absorption
Differences in free surfaces in epithelial tissues and the function of each
Smooth- reduces friction
Function- allows things to pass through undisturbed
example- blood vessel
Microvilli- nonmotile (nonmotile=not move) extensions that increase surface area
Function- increase efficiency of absorption and secretion
example- intestines
Cilia-motile (motile=move) extensions that move materials across the surface
Function- move foreign particles out of the body and other materials
across the surface
example- Trachea
Different cell connections in epithelial tissues and the function of each
Desmosomes & Hemidesmosomes- Strong adhesive structures
Function- bind cell togethers and to the BM
Tight Junctions- Hold cells together
Function- forms a permeability barrier
Gap Junctions- Specialized contact region between cells with protein channels that allow ions & small molecules to pass from cell to cell
Function-intracellular communication
Intercalated Disks- Specialized cell-to-cell connections in cardiac muscle -Contain both Gap junctions & Desmosomes
Functions of connective tissue
-Enclosing & Separating other tissues
-Sheets separating connective tissue of other organs
-Separate muscles, arteries, veins, & nerves from one another
-Connective Tissues to One Another
-Tendon & ligaments
-Supporting and moving parts of the body
-Bones and Joints
-Storing Compounds
-Adipose (fat) tissue
-Cushing and Insultating
-Adipose tissue
Transportation
-Blood
-Protecting
-Immune cells
Components of an extracellular matrix (ECM) in connective tissue
-Protein Fibers
-Collagen Fibers
-Reticular Fibers
-Elastic Fibers
-Ground Substance
Difference between -blasts, -cytes, and -clasts
Blasts- Create the matrix
Cytes- Maintain the matrix
Clasts- Breakdown the matrix for remodeling
List all connective tissue cell types
-Specialized cells of various connective tissue produce the extracellular matrix
-Bone cells
-Cartilage cells
-Fibrous Tissue cells
-Fat Cells
-Mast Cells
-White Blood cells
-Macrophages
-Platelets
-Red Blood cells
Specialized cells of various connective tissue produce the extracellular matrix (Connective Tissue Cells)
Blasts- Create the matrix
Cytes- Maintain the matrix
Clasts- Breakdown the matrix for remodeling
Bone cells (Connective Tissue Cells)
-Osteoblasts, osteocytes & osteoclasts
Cartilage cells (Connective Tissue Cells)
-Chondroblast, Chondrocytes
Fibrous Tissue cells (Connective Tissue Cells)
-Fibroblasts & Fibrocytes
Fat Cells (Connective Tissue Cells)
-Adipocytes
Mast Cells (Connective Tissue Cells)
-contain chemicals that play a role in inflammation
White Blood cells (Connective Tissue Cells)
-Cells of the immune system that protect the body from infection and injury
Macrophages (Connective Tissue Cells)
-large, phagocytic cells derived from monocytes
Platelets (Connective Tissue Cells)
-Cell fragments that function in the production of blood clots
Red Blood cells (Connective Tissue Cells)
-Cells that transport oxygen to the tissues and some carbon dioxide
from the tissues
Difference between loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue types
Loose Connective tissue- few protein fibers compared to ground substance
Dense connective tissue- Large amounts of protein fibers when compared to ground substances
Areolar tissue connective tissue; type, characteristics and the functions
Areolar tissue- Loose tissue, variety of fibers (mostly collogen) & cells (fibroblasts-
fibrocytes)
Function- attaches the skin to underlying tissues
Adipose Tissue connective tissue; type, characteristics and the functions
Adipose Tissue- Loose tissue, made up mostly cells (adipocytes) filled with lipids
Function- insulation, protection & energy storage
Reticular Tissue connective tissue; type, characteristics and the functions
Reticular tissue- Loose tissue, a network of reticular fibers
Function- framework of lymphatic tissue (spleen, lymph nodes & bone
marrow)
Dense Regular Connective Tissue; type, characteristics and the functions
Dense Regular CT- Dense Tissue, collagen fibers arranged in a single direction
Function- strength in one direction in tendons (attach muscle to bone)
& ligaments (attach bone to bone)
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue; type, characteristics and the functions
Dense irregular CT- Dense tissue, Collagen fibers arranged as a meshwork in many
directions
Function- provides strength in many directions in the skin (the dermis)
Cartilage characteristics
cartilage cells (chondroblasts > chondocytes within lacunae with rigid matrix
Hyaline Cartilage; function and location
Hyaline Cartilage- collagen fibers evenly dispersed around chondrocytes
Function- Strong support and some flexibility with a smooth surface
Location- Surface of bones in joints, rib cage, trachea & bronchi
Fibrocartilage; function and location
Fibrocartilage-Thick bundles of collagen fibers
Function- very tough but slightly compressible
Location- areas with a great deal of pressure (intervertebral disks)
Elastic cartilage; function and location
Elastic cartilage- numerous elastic fibers dispersed throughout the matrix
Function- rigid with elastic properties
Location- external (ears)
Components and function of bone
Components- Hard connective tissue with living cells (osteocytes within lacunae) within mineralized matrix (hydroxyapatite- calcium and phosphate)
Function- Strength & rigidity provide support & protection to other tissues/organs
List the two types of bone and the difference between the two
Spongy bone- plates of bone with trabeculae in between
Compact bone- more solid structure forming lamellae
General components and function of blood
The fluids connective tissue
-Components- red blood cells, white blood cells & platelets within a liquid matrix (plasma)
-Function- allows it to flow rapidly through the body for transportation of cell and materials
Characteristics of muscle tissue and the characteristics, function, and location of each
Muscle tissue- Contracts (shortens) via contractile proteins with a force that results in movement
-Skeletal
-Cardiac
-Smooth
Skeletal muscle tissue and the characteristics, function, and location
Attaches to the skeleton and enables the body to move
-voluntary (conscious) control
-Involuntary control- nervous system can cause skeletal muscle to
contract without conscious involvement (reflexes & muscle tone)
-Cells- long & cylindrical
-Nuclei-many
-Unbranched
-Striated- light and dark bands due to the arrangement of contractile
proteins
Cardiac Muscle tissue and the characteristics, function, and location
Heart muscle responsible for pumping the blood
-Involuntary control- although a person can learn to influence heart rate
(HR) with techniques such as meditation
-Cells, short and cylindrical
-Nucleus, one
-Branched
-Intercalated disks, connects cells through specialized cap junctions
allowing coordination of contractions
-Striated
Smooth Muscle tissue and the characteristics, function, and location
-Location- forms the walls of hollow organs (excluding the heart), skin & eyes
-Functions- Move food through the digestive tract, empty the urinary bladder and more
-Involuntary control
-Cells- tapered at both ends
-Nucleus, one
-Unbranched
-Not Striated
Function and location of nervous tissue
Conducts electrical signals called action potentials
Location- Brain spinal chord and nerves
Different types of tissue membranes and the component and functions of each
Mucous tissue
Mucous tissue component and functions
Thin sheet of tissue that covers a structure or lines a cavity
-formed by superficial epithelial tissue that rests on connective tissue
-External-skin
-internal- mucous, serous & synovial
Mucous Membrane component and functions
Lines cavities & canals that open to the outside of the body (e.g. digestive & respiratory tract)
-Epithelial cells & basement membrane
-Lamina Propria- thick layer of loose Connective tissue
-Mucus- viscous protein substance secreted by goblet cells or
multicellular mucous glands
Function-protection, absorption & secretion
Serous Membranes components and functions
Lines cavities that do not open to the exterior of the body (pericardial, pleural & peritoneal)
-Mesothelium- simple squamous epithelial tissue and basement
membrane
-Delicate layer of connective tissue
-Serous Fluid- Watery fluid that lubricates the membrane
Function- protects internal organs from friction & hold them in place
Synovial membranes components and function
Line freely movable joints
-modified connective tissue cells
-synovial fluid- slippery fluid
Function- facilitate smooth movement within the joint
Inflammatory response involved
Inflammation- response that occurs when tissues are damaged
Inflammatory response- defense mechanism that mobilizes the body’s immune cells to isolate & destroy foreign materials and damaged cells
Inflammatory response steps
1) Chemical mediators- released or activated in the tissues and adjacent blood vessels (BVs)
-Dilation of blood vessels- speeds up the arrival of white blood cells and other substances that fight infections & repair tissue
2) Tissue swelling- increased permeability of blood vessel allows fluid to leave the blood and enter the tissue
3) Recruitment of Immune Cells- white blood cells move into the tissue and begin to phagocytize bacteria & debris
Tissue repair and the step involved
Substitution of viable cells for dead cells
-Regeneration
-Replacement
1) Fibrin Clot forms
2) Epithelial Cells grow into wound
3) Granulation Tissue forms
4) Scar replaces granulation tissue wound is completely closed
