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radiology > ch. 5 quality > Flashcards

ch. 5 quality Flashcards

1
Q

how easily details can be seen on a radiograph

A

radiographic quality

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2
Q

what 3 things affect detail/ quality

A

radiographic desity, contrast, and geometric factors

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3
Q

what are the 3 geometric factors

A

magnification, distortion, un-sharpness

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4
Q

what color do x-rays turn film

A

black

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5
Q

what can cause un-sharpness

A

patient moving, wrong SID

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6
Q

what does increasing mAs, kVp, developing time, temperature of developer do

A

create greater density

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7
Q

what can influence density

A

tissue density and patient thickness

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8
Q

what does decreasing SID do to density

A

increases it

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9
Q

what is inversely proportional to tissue density

A

radiographic density

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10
Q

the higher the tissue density, the___ the radiographic density

A

lower

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11
Q

if thickness of tissue doubles, x-rays reaching film is

A

halved

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12
Q

what primarily controls radiographic contrast

A

kVp level

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13
Q

difference in density and mass between 2 adjacent anatomical structures

A

subject contrast

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14
Q

what causes film fog

A

light exposure

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15
Q

what does not affect contrast

A

SID

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16
Q

high contrast=short scale=black to white= low kVp when radiographing what

A

bone

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17
Q

low contrast=long scale=gray tones=high kVp when radiographing what

A

soft tissue

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18
Q

what do you do if film background is grey

A

increase mAs by 30-50%

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19
Q

what does “overexposed” mean

A

too dark

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20
Q

what do you do if overexposed but bones are white

A

decrease mAs by 30-50%

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21
Q

what do you do if overexposed and bones are grey

A

decrease kVp by 10-15%

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22
Q

what does “underexposed” mean

A

too light

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23
Q

what do you do if underexposed but anatomic silhouetes are not visible

A

increase kVp by 10-15%

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24
Q

what do you do if underexposed and anatomic silhouetes are visible

A

increase mAs by 30-50%

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25
Q

how do you evaluate a radiograph

A

look at background, look at overall, expose with new exposure factors

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26
Q

what does scatter do to a radiograph

A

darkens film, inappropriate areas of film is exposed

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27
Q

radiation reflected from behind image plane back o image

A

backscatter

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28
Q

how can you control backscatter

A

collimate beam, lead foil backed cassettes

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29
Q

what is used to radiograph thicker body parts without all the scatter

A

a grid

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30
Q

where is the grid

A

under the table between patient and film

31
Q

what is the thickness of the grid strips

A

0.5 mm

32
Q

how many strips are in a grid

A

500-1500

33
Q

what can spacer material be made of

A

fiber, aluminum, plastic

34
Q

what are the lead strips lined up with

A

primary beam

35
Q

how much can a grid reduce scatter

A

85-95%

36
Q

distance from tube to grid

A

grid focus

37
Q

decrease intensity near edges of grid due to absorption of primary beam

A

grid cutoff

38
Q

what is caused by misalignment of the grid

A

grid cutoff

39
Q

how do you get rid of grid cutoff

A

adjust SID

40
Q

ability of grid to absorb scatter

A

grid effeciency

41
Q

what is determined by height, thickness, and number of lead strips

A

grid efficiency

42
Q

relation of the height of the strip to the distance between them

A

grid ratio

43
Q

what grid absorbs more: 12:1 or 6:1

A

12:1

44
Q

number of lead strips per cm area of grrid

A

lines per centimeter

45
Q

more lines per centimeter means they are

A

thinner/absorb less

46
Q

increase amount of exposure due to primary beam being absorbed

A

grid factor

47
Q

orientation of lead strips and their longitudinal axis

A

grid pattern

48
Q

what grid pattern is most common

A

linear

49
Q

what grid has a higher grid ratio

A

crossed= double grid ratio

50
Q

what grid pattern absorbs more scatter

A

crossed

51
Q

what grid pattern cannot be used with oblique views

A

crossed

52
Q

lead strips angled slightly to line up with the primary beam

A

focused grids

53
Q

what grid type is most common

A

focused

54
Q

lead strips parallel the whole way across

A

unfocused grid

55
Q

what is used for smaller structures due to absorbing more x-rays

A

unfocused grids

56
Q

what grid type is used in human and specialized large animal facilities

A

potter-bucky diaphragm

57
Q

what grid type moves back and forth during exposure

A

potter-bucky diaphragm

58
Q

what can large focal spot, motion, screens and film cause

A

geometric un-sharpness

59
Q

variation in normal size and shape due to relation to x-ray source and film

A

geometric distortion

60
Q

3 types of geometric distortion

A

magnification, elongation, foreshorting

61
Q

what geometric distortion is often seen with severe hip dysplasia

A

foreshortening

62
Q

measurable/visible difference between 2 radiographic densities

A

contrast

63
Q

what primary exposure factor controls scatter

A

kVp

64
Q

on a radiograph, what color is soft tissue

A

shades of grey

65
Q

on a radiograph, what color is bone

A

white

66
Q

on a radiograph, what color is gas/fluid

A

black

67
Q

on a radiograph, what color is air

A

black

68
Q

on a radiograph, what color is lead

A

clear

69
Q

on a radiograph, what color are metals

A

white

70
Q

used to describe image sharpness, clarity, distinctness, and perceptibility

A

radiographic detail

71
Q

high contrast=___scale

A

short

72
Q

low contrast=___ scale

A

long

73
Q

increased number of grey tones=

A

long scale of contrast

74
Q

black and white radiograph=

A

short scale of contrast

radiology (7 decks)

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