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1 final Flashcards

0
Q

where do xrays fall on the electro magnetic specturm

A

above ultraviolet and below gamma

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1
Q

what are xrays similar to

A

visible light

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2
Q

the higher the frequency the ____ the wavelength, the more ______ ______ the energy has through space and matter

A

shorter; penetrating power

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3
Q

viewing a sloped surface at an angle reduces its apperant size

A

line focus principle

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4
Q

how many pulses does full-wave rectification allow

A

120 pulses per second

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5
Q

most modern, most powerful, shorter exposure time, and best generator

A

3 phase

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6
Q

what are the cathode and anode made up of

A

tungsten

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7
Q

metal deposits on inner lining

A

arching

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8
Q

process of changing alternating current to direct current

A

recitification

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9
Q

what reduces the xray machine input voltage from 110-220 vo to 10 v to prevent filament burnout

A

step down transformer

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10
Q

what controls filiment temp

A

step down transformer

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11
Q

controls length of exposure

A

timer switch

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12
Q

the peak energy of the xrays which determines quality of xray beam

A

kilovoltage

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13
Q

what controls kilovoltage

A

autotransformer

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14
Q

quality (penetrating power

A

kvp

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15
Q

what is made of molybdenum due to high melting point and poor heat conductor

A

focusing cup

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16
Q

type of anode found in dental and portable xray units

A

stationary

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17
Q

type of anode continually provides a cool surface

A

rotating

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18
Q

restricting device used to control the primary beam size

A

collimator

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19
Q

xray tubing rating expressed in

A

kilowatts

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20
Q

stationary anodes focal spot size

A

small

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21
Q

high kvp and low mas prevents

A

anode damage

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22
Q

what dound does a failed anode bearing make

A

grinding metal/ no noise

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23
Q

how far away should you be from the machine

A

6 feet

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24
what increases incoming volts to 1000 of volts
step up transformer
25
effect of making the focal spot size appear smaller when viewed from film position due to angle of target to electron stream
heel effect
26
what creates a partial shadow of the imaged object
halo effect
27
ideal focal spot size and why
small; greater detail
28
#1 cause of xray tube failure
cathode failure/ filament evaporation
29
electrical thermal rating for table top xray
40-120
30
what should be placed toward the cathode due to heel effect
large size
31
1st phase of exposure
filament heats and anode spins
32
NCRP
national committee on radiation protection and measurements
33
who defines MPD
NCRP
34
rule to promote radiation safety
ALARA
35
are we allowed to restrain and position animals according to codes
yes
36
RAD
radiation absorbed dose
37
absorbed dose measured in
grays
38
dose equivalent measured in
sieverts
39
ability to monitor amount of radiation received
dosimeter
40
pen shapped; charged ion chamber, can be red instantly
PIC
41
contains calcium fluoride and lithium fluoride that glow after exposure
thermoluminescent dosimeter
42
how often should PPE be radiographed
annually
43
"live view" of internal anatomy
fluoroscopy
44
what do animals drink for a fluoroscopy
barium sulfate
45
cells most sensitive to ionizing radiation
rapidly dividing; growth, gonad, neoplastic, metabolically active
46
damage done to the body that shows later in life
somatic damage
47
signs of somatic damage
cancer, cataracts, aplastic anemia, sterility
48
1 gray=
100 rad
49
what exposure is lethal to humans
300 rad; 3 gy
50
MPD
max permissable dose
51
100rem=
1 Sv
52
most common dosimeter
filmbadge
53
PPE lead thickness
0.5mm
54
intensity inversely proportional to SID
inverse square law
55
FFD too short =
dark
56
mA=4x the distance
inverse square law
57
what is determined by kVp
quality
58
what is energy related to motion called
kinetic
59
sante's rule formula
(2x thickness)+ 40=kvp
60
what is the measure of electron current to the filament that determines how many xrays are produced
mA
61
how are mAs calculated
mA x time
62
what is time measured in
fractions of seconds
63
4 advantages of high mA
short exposure, decrease artifacts, exam of thick areas, decrease exposure
64
FFD is always
40 inches
65
measurable distance between 2 adjacent densities
contrast
66
varying degree of blackness
density
67
new mAs with new SID
old mAs [(new SID2)/(old SID2)]
68
how easily details can be seen
radiographic quality
69
increasing what can produce greater density
mAs, kVp, developing time, developer temp
70
if thickness of tissue doubles, xrays reaching film is
halved
71
12 mAs and 68 kVp halved=
6 mAs and 68kVp
72
where is best detail
200 mA and 1/10 sec
73
high contrast = __ kVp
low
74
what is high contrast used for
bone
75
low contrast = __ scale
long
76
what is high kVp used in
soft tissues
77
overexposed
too dark
78
underexposed
too light
79
non image forming radiation
scatter
80
high kVp = __ scatter
more
81
distance from tube to grid
grid focus
82
decrease intensity near edges of grid due to absorption of primary beam
grid cutoff
83
what is caused by misalignment of grid
grid cutoff
84
what grid ratio is better
high
85
what absorbs more scatter with more exposure
high grid ratio
86
lead strips are angled slightly to line up with primary beam
focused grid
87
focused grid that moves back and forth during exposure
bucky
88
variation in normal size and shape due to relation to xray source and film
geometric distortion/magnification
89
what is foreshortening common with
severe hip dysplasia
90
what do you adjust on an overpenetrated radiograph
kVp
91
what is used to describe image sharpness, clarity, distinctness, and perceptibility
radiographic detail
92
if a radiograph is overexposed with an overall black apperance but contrast is unaffected what should be done
decrease mAs
93
noninvasive radioactive material injected iv
scintigraphy
94
high definition
slow screen speed
95
regular most common speed
medium
96
high speed
fast
97
what part of film composition contains silver halide crystals
emulsion
98
what requires less exposure of xrays
screen film
99
large crystal film
fast
100
most often used film
medium
101
small crystal film
slow
102
forgiving film
wide
103
high contrast film
narrow
104
gives off green light
rare earth
105
gives off blue light
calcium tungstate
106
how often should screens be cleaned
monthly
107
what percentage of film exposure is due to screen light
95%
108
increase in film speed gives a radiograph a spotty or mottled appearance
quantum mottle
109
purpose of developing
convert latent image to visible

radiology (7 decks)

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