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radiology > 1 final > Flashcards

1 final Flashcards

0
Q

where do xrays fall on the electro magnetic specturm

A

above ultraviolet and below gamma

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1
Q

what are xrays similar to

A

visible light

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2
Q

the higher the frequency the ____ the wavelength, the more ______ ______ the energy has through space and matter

A

shorter; penetrating power

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3
Q

viewing a sloped surface at an angle reduces its apperant size

A

line focus principle

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4
Q

how many pulses does full-wave rectification allow

A

120 pulses per second

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5
Q

most modern, most powerful, shorter exposure time, and best generator

A

3 phase

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6
Q

what are the cathode and anode made up of

A

tungsten

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7
Q

metal deposits on inner lining

A

arching

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8
Q

process of changing alternating current to direct current

A

recitification

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9
Q

what reduces the xray machine input voltage from 110-220 vo to 10 v to prevent filament burnout

A

step down transformer

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10
Q

what controls filiment temp

A

step down transformer

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11
Q

controls length of exposure

A

timer switch

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12
Q

the peak energy of the xrays which determines quality of xray beam

A

kilovoltage

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13
Q

what controls kilovoltage

A

autotransformer

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14
Q

quality (penetrating power

A

kvp

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15
Q

what is made of molybdenum due to high melting point and poor heat conductor

A

focusing cup

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16
Q

type of anode found in dental and portable xray units

A

stationary

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17
Q

type of anode continually provides a cool surface

A

rotating

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18
Q

restricting device used to control the primary beam size

A

collimator

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19
Q

xray tubing rating expressed in

A

kilowatts

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20
Q

stationary anodes focal spot size

A

small

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21
Q

high kvp and low mas prevents

A

anode damage

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22
Q

what dound does a failed anode bearing make

A

grinding metal/ no noise

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23
Q

how far away should you be from the machine

A

6 feet

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24
Q

what increases incoming volts to 1000 of volts

A

step up transformer

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25
Q

effect of making the focal spot size appear smaller when viewed from film position due to angle of target to electron stream

A

heel effect

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26
Q

what creates a partial shadow of the imaged object

A

halo effect

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27
Q

ideal focal spot size and why

A

small; greater detail

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28
Q

1 cause of xray tube failure

A

cathode failure/ filament evaporation

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29
Q

electrical thermal rating for table top xray

A

40-120

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30
Q

what should be placed toward the cathode due to heel effect

A

large size

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31
Q

1st phase of exposure

A

filament heats and anode spins

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32
Q

NCRP

A

national committee on radiation protection and measurements

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33
Q

who defines MPD

A

NCRP

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34
Q

rule to promote radiation safety

A

ALARA

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35
Q

are we allowed to restrain and position animals according to codes

A

yes

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36
Q

RAD

A

radiation absorbed dose

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37
Q

absorbed dose measured in

A

grays

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38
Q

dose equivalent measured in

A

sieverts

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39
Q

ability to monitor amount of radiation received

A

dosimeter

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40
Q

pen shapped; charged ion chamber, can be red instantly

A

PIC

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41
Q

contains calcium fluoride and lithium fluoride that glow after exposure

A

thermoluminescent dosimeter

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42
Q

how often should PPE be radiographed

A

annually

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43
Q

“live view” of internal anatomy

A

fluoroscopy

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44
Q

what do animals drink for a fluoroscopy

A

barium sulfate

45
Q

cells most sensitive to ionizing radiation

A

rapidly dividing; growth, gonad, neoplastic, metabolically active

46
Q

damage done to the body that shows later in life

A

somatic damage

47
Q

signs of somatic damage

A

cancer, cataracts, aplastic anemia, sterility

48
Q

1 gray=

A

100 rad

49
Q

what exposure is lethal to humans

A

300 rad; 3 gy

50
Q

MPD

A

max permissable dose

51
Q

100rem=

A

1 Sv

52
Q

most common dosimeter

A

filmbadge

53
Q

PPE lead thickness

A

0.5mm

54
Q

intensity inversely proportional to SID

A

inverse square law

55
Q

FFD too short =

A

dark

56
Q

mA=4x the distance

A

inverse square law

57
Q

what is determined by kVp

A

quality

58
Q

what is energy related to motion called

A

kinetic

59
Q

sante’s rule formula

A

(2x thickness)+ 40=kvp

60
Q

what is the measure of electron current to the filament that determines how many xrays are produced

A

mA

61
Q

how are mAs calculated

A

mA x time

62
Q

what is time measured in

A

fractions of seconds

63
Q

4 advantages of high mA

A

short exposure, decrease artifacts, exam of thick areas, decrease exposure

64
Q

FFD is always

A

40 inches

65
Q

measurable distance between 2 adjacent densities

A

contrast

66
Q

varying degree of blackness

A

density

67
Q

new mAs with new SID

A

old mAs [(new SID2)/(old SID2)]

68
Q

how easily details can be seen

A

radiographic quality

69
Q

increasing what can produce greater density

A

mAs, kVp, developing time, developer temp

70
Q

if thickness of tissue doubles, xrays reaching film is

A

halved

71
Q

12 mAs and 68 kVp halved=

A

6 mAs and 68kVp

72
Q

where is best detail

A

200 mA and 1/10 sec

73
Q

high contrast = __ kVp

A

low

74
Q

what is high contrast used for

A

bone

75
Q

low contrast = __ scale

A

long

76
Q

what is high kVp used in

A

soft tissues

77
Q

overexposed

A

too dark

78
Q

underexposed

A

too light

79
Q

non image forming radiation

A

scatter

80
Q

high kVp = __ scatter

A

more

81
Q

distance from tube to grid

A

grid focus

82
Q

decrease intensity near edges of grid due to absorption of primary beam

A

grid cutoff

83
Q

what is caused by misalignment of grid

A

grid cutoff

84
Q

what grid ratio is better

A

high

85
Q

what absorbs more scatter with more exposure

A

high grid ratio

86
Q

lead strips are angled slightly to line up with primary beam

A

focused grid

87
Q

focused grid that moves back and forth during exposure

A

bucky

88
Q

variation in normal size and shape due to relation to xray source and film

A

geometric distortion/magnification

89
Q

what is foreshortening common with

A

severe hip dysplasia

90
Q

what do you adjust on an overpenetrated radiograph

A

kVp

91
Q

what is used to describe image sharpness, clarity, distinctness, and perceptibility

A

radiographic detail

92
Q

if a radiograph is overexposed with an overall black apperance but contrast is unaffected what should be done

A

decrease mAs

93
Q

noninvasive radioactive material injected iv

A

scintigraphy

94
Q

high definition

A

slow screen speed

95
Q

regular most common speed

A

medium

96
Q

high speed

A

fast

97
Q

what part of film composition contains silver halide crystals

A

emulsion

98
Q

what requires less exposure of xrays

A

screen film

99
Q

large crystal film

A

fast

100
Q

most often used film

A

medium

101
Q

small crystal film

A

slow

102
Q

forgiving film

A

wide

103
Q

high contrast film

A

narrow

104
Q

gives off green light

A

rare earth

105
Q

gives off blue light

A

calcium tungstate

106
Q

how often should screens be cleaned

A

monthly

107
Q

what percentage of film exposure is due to screen light

A

95%

108
Q

increase in film speed gives a radiograph a spotty or mottled appearance

A

quantum mottle

109
Q

purpose of developing

A

convert latent image to visible

radiology (7 decks)

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