Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHARM > Ch. 5 EXAM 2 > Flashcards

Ch. 5 EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does efferent mean

A

motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does afferent mean

A

sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

name the pyramidal tracts

and function

A

lateral corticospinal (primary)

anterior corticospinal (secondary)

main motor pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

name the extrapyramidal tracts

and function

A

Rubrospinal
Reticulospinal
Olivospinal
Vestibulospinal

accessory motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is gray matter function?

A

decision making
cell bodies or motor neurons
and synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

define tract

A

bundle of axons in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

define nerve

A

bundle axons outside the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What pathway is bigger? sensory or motor

A

sensory/afferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

name the DCML pathway

and function

A

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus

  • gracile fasciculus
  • cuneate fascicles fasciculus

pressure sensors/touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

lamina 1

A

lamina marginalis

fast pain
A delta fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

laminae 2,3

A

substantia gelatinosa

slow pain C fibers- and lamina 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

laminae 1-6

pathway?

A

mechanoreceptors (pressure)

2 pathways
- DCML to brain
- synapse in dorsal horn of cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

motor cell body neurons in anterior gray horn

A

lamina VII
- intermediolateral nucleus
- lateral gray horn

lamina VIII
- lots of large motor neurons

lamina 10
- crosstalk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

name spinocerebellar tracts

A

anterior spinocerebellar
posterior spinocerebellar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

anterolateral system

A

spinothalamic tract
- lateral
- anterior

pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how many rexed laminae

A

9

sensory and motor gray matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

corticospinal tracts

name all 3 pathways

A

aka pyramidal tracts

80% motor function- Lateral
motor cortex, internal capsule, pyramids of medulla (crossover), lateral corticospinal tract

17% motor function- Anterier
- crossover in the cord

third pathway 3% motor function
- no crossover

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

DCML pathway

A

touch sensors enter dorsal rootlets

grey matter of cord
- dorsal columns
OR
- stays at that level (lateral inhibition)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

representation image of parietal lobe sensory locations

A

homunculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is crossover in the medulla called

A

pyramidal decussation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

brainstem in order

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

neurotransmitter causes of chronic emotional pain

A

increase of glutamate receptors

decrease of enkephalin receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where does emotional pain get sent to

A

middle of brain near brainstem connects to diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

second order pain neuron

myelinated or not?

A

always myelinated for fast pain

may or may not be myelinated for slow pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

rubrospinal

extrapyramidal tract

A

voluntary movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Reticulospinal

extrapyramidal

A

muscle tone maintenance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

olivospinal

extrapyramidal

A

cerebellar output to coordinate movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

vestibulospinal

extrapyramidal

A

eye fixation, muscle orientation during acceleration

balance and eye focus during movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

where is cell body of nocireceptor located

A

Doral root ganglia?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

causes of pain (8)

A

physical damage
acidosis
potassium
histamine
serotonin - in periphery..but in cord its inhibitory

ACh - in periphery
prostaglandins
bradykinin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

descending pain suppression pathway and neurotransmitters

A
  1. Enkephalin neuron (excitatory)
    - periaqueductal gray
    - periventricular nuclei (infront of third ventricle)
  2. Serotonergic neuron
    - raphe Magnus nucleus: middle of pons
    - releases serotonin (5-HT) excitatory
  3. Enkephalin neuron
    - Doral horn
    - inhibitory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

another name for a morphine receptor

A

enkephalin receptor

opiate/ Mu receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

glutamate

A

top neurotransmitter for pain

excitatory

2nd receiving neuron has glutamate receptors to receive messages from nocireceptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

tricyclic antidepressants

A

serotonin reuptake inhibition
pain management
old drug 500-60 years
bad side effect (sleepy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

SSRI

A

serotonin reuptake inhibitor
pain relief
newer drugs
Paxil, prozac

35
Q

two inhibitory neurotransmitters in the spinal cord

A

GABA (CNS plus spinal cord)
glycine (spinal cord)

Cl permeability

36
Q

4 excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Ach
histamine
glutamate
norepinephrine

37
Q

dopamine

A

pleasure and reward
potent motor inhibitor

Parkinson’s not producing enough dopamine leads to over active motor function

38
Q

what muscle is innervated by more than one motor neuron

A

ocular muscles

39
Q

sarcolemma

A
40
Q

what carries an action potential down into a muscle cell

A

transverse tubule

41
Q

what type of calcium channels open to action potential down a motor neuron

A

p type Ca channel

42
Q

what will every skeletal muscle have?

A

motor neuron

some fibers controlled by more than one motor neuron depending how big the muscle is

43
Q

what is a motor unit

A
44
Q

what is located near the NMJ of skeletal muscle for energy?

A

mitochrondria

45
Q

what increases the surface area of of NMJ surface area in the skeletal muscle

A

subneuronal clefts
- primary cleft = one infolding
- secondary cleft = two infolding

contains ACh receptors and voltage gated Na channels

46
Q

what does acheytlcholinesterase use to break down acetate + choline

A

hydrolysis

47
Q

how many Ach receptors at the NMJ

how many activated?

A

5 million

500,000 activated (10%)

48
Q

how many Ach molecules need to be release

A

1 million

but produce 2 million

49
Q

nicotinic Ach receptor

charge and ions

A

negative pore charge

Na and some Ca enter
some K leaves (barely)… K leak channels if K wants to leave

50
Q

nAch-R antagonist binding to receptor needs to bind…

A

to 1 Ach site

51
Q

what 2 proteins are on the NMJ surface of neuron to attach vesicles

A

SNAP-25
SNARE

52
Q

voltage sensor in the t tubule

A

DHP
dihydropuridine

53
Q

what meds block DHP sensors

A

CCB

54
Q

whats the calcium release channel on the SR called

A

ryanodine receptor

55
Q

how does calcium get put back into the SR

A

SERCA pump
- sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum calcium APTase

burns ATP to put Ca back in SR

56
Q

depolarization after an action potential… what kind of K channels

A

LOTS of leaky K channels
some voltage gated K channels

57
Q

whats the intracellular fluid in skeletal muscle

A

sarcoplasm

58
Q

whats located next to the nACh-R allowing an action potential

A

fast sodium channels

59
Q

second type of Ach-R

A

neuronal Ach receptor (motor neuron)
auto-receptor

3 alpha subunits
2 beta subunits
-3 places for Ach binding

small amount of Ach released at the NMJ will feed back onto these receptors

Na and Ca entry causing VP1 to replace VP2

60
Q

non-depolarizing NM blockers affect both neuron and skeletal muscle… how?

A

inhibits all Ach-R

including auto receptors on motor neuron- alpha 3 beta 2

61
Q

how can sux affect the eyes?

A

ocular muscles controlled by several motor neurons and several NMJ… more Ca coming in, more contraction, increased IOP, vision loss from compression on optic nerve

62
Q

what is the high conductance nACh-R called

A

adult

lots of current for short time
Ach falls off quicker
only at NMJ

63
Q

what is low conductance nACH-R called

A

fetal

replace as we mature
slow conductance
open longer when ACh binds

64
Q

adult nACH-R domains

A

2 alpha subunits

alpha 1
beta 1
delta
alpha
ebsilon

65
Q

fetal nACh-R domains

A

alpha 1
beta 1
delta
alpha
gamma

66
Q

whats the third type of nACH-R

A

alpha 7

neuronal in muscle

located in CNS/ANS

all 5 subunits bind ACh

67
Q

what muscle does the ulnar nerve innervate

what happens when stimulated

A

adductor pollicis

  • thumb comes forward
  • pinky twitch
    *one or both happen
68
Q

stimulus that recruits all the motor neurons

A

supra maximal stimuli

69
Q

what measures the TOF

A

2 hertz over 2 seconds
2 impulses over 1 second each
4 twitches

Hertz= per second

70
Q

whats a repetitive high frequency stimulation

A

tetanic

71
Q

where should Ach receptors be located

A

junctional and maybe perijunctional

72
Q

nerve stimulation of ophthalmic branch of facial nerve

A

orbicularis oculi

side of face

73
Q

nerve stimulation of butt area

A

peroneal nerve

74
Q

nerve stimulation of lower extremities

A

posterior tibial nerve

75
Q

sux potassium leak… what channels (3)

A

1 leak

#2 voltage gated in junctional area
#3 potassium loss through ACh-R

76
Q

duration of action of NDMR and sux

A

NDMR
- onset couple min 2-3 min
- half life min-hours

Sux
- fast onset within 1 min
- very short acting 3 min

77
Q

how is sux broken down

A

plasma cholinesterase from the liver

78
Q

why unequal return of TOF on NDMR

A

inhibits both neuron and skeletal muscle… VP1 not able to replace VP2

79
Q

TOF ration

A

only used with NDMR

B/A
recovery equals 1
ratio increases as drug wears off

80
Q

what nerve controls the diaphram

A

phrenic nerve
C3, 4, 5

81
Q

stimulator settings

A

50-80
VOLTAGE: force used to push electrons through the tissue, making cell more negative

mA : milli amphers
CURRENT
electrons moving through tissue between 2 electrodes

82
Q

head lift with NM blocker

how many nACH-R blocked

A

70%
4 twitches present

post anethesia recvoery

83
Q

all twitches disappear at what percentage of nACh-R blocked

A

90-95%

84
Q
A

PHARM (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions