Ch. 5 Cultural Flashcards
1
Q
What is the definition of culture?
A
Describes a particular society’s entire way of living, encompassing shared patterns of beliefs, feelings, and knowledge that guide people’s conduct and are passed from generation to generation
2
Q
What is ethnicity?
A
Relates to people identifying with each other because of a shared heritage
3
Q
Why must nurses understand these cultural concepts?
A
Because culture influences human behavior, interpretation of human behavior, and response to human behavior
4
Q
Caution must be taken not to assume what?
A
That all individuals who share a culture or ethnic group are clones. This constitutes stereotyping and must be avoided. All individuals must be appreciated for their uniqueness.
5
Q
How do cultures differ?— Where does communication have its roots? How is it expressed?
A
Communication has its roots in culture. It’s expressed through language, paralanguage, and gestures.
6
Q
How do cultures differ?— What is space?
A
The place where communication occurs
7
Q
How do cultures differ?— What is space made of?
A
Territoriality, density, distance
8
Q
How do cultures differ?— What are social organizations?
A
The groups within which individuals are acculturated, acquiring knowledge and internalizing values
9
Q
How do cultures differ?— What are examples of social organizations?
A
Families, religious groups, and ethnic groups
10
Q
How do cultures differ?— Time value
A
Some cultures place great importance on values that are measured by time, whereas others are actually scornful of clock time
11
Q
How do cultures differ?— Time orientation
A
Whether individuals perceive time in the present orientation or future orientation influences many aspects of their lives
12
Q
How do cultures differ?— What does environmental control have to do with?
A
The extent to which individuals perceive they have control over their environment
13
Q
How do cultures differ?— What do cultural beliefs and practices influence?
A
How individuals respond to their environment during periods of wellness or illness
14
Q
How do cultures differ?— Biological variations
A
Differences among people in various racial groups include body structure, skin color, physiological responses to medication, electrocardiography patterns, susceptibility to disease. and nutritional preferences and deficiencies
15
Q
How do we apply the nursing process to culture?
A
Background assessment data
16
Q
Where do Northern European Americans’ language have its roots in
A
Language has hoots in the first English settlers
17
Q
Descendants of NEA immigrants comprise what?
A
What is considered the dominant cultural group in the US
18
Q
What do NEA value?
A
Territory
19
Q
What is NEA’s personal space?
A
About 18 inches to 3 feet
20
Q
NEAs place less value than previously on what?
A
Marriage and religion
21
Q
What do NEAs highly value?
A
Punctuality and efficiency
22
Q
In what type of time are NEAs oriented?
A
They are future oriented
23
Q
What type of lifestyle do most NEAs value?
A
A healthy lifestyle but still enjoy fast food occasionally
24
Q
What type of body structure and skin color do NEAs have?
A
Medium body structure and fair skin
25
African Americans language dialect is thought to be a combination of what?
Various African Americans and the languages of other cultural groups present in the US at the time of its settlement
26
Are AAs assimilated?
Some AAs are completely assimilated into the dominant culture; others find it too difficult and prefer to remain in their own social organization
27
How many AA households are headed by women?
31%
28
AA support groups
There are large support groups of family and friends
29
How do some AAs practice medicine?
Some AAs (particularly from the deep South) practice folk medicine and receive their care from a "granny, old lady, or spiritualist"
30
AAs body structure and skin color
The body structure is similar to that of the dominant culture; skin color varies from white to very dark brown
31
Genetic tendencies of AAs
Hypertension and sickle cell anemia
32
How many NAs live on reservations?
Fewer than half
33
How is touch viewed by NAs? What may be viewed as aggressive?
Touch is not highly regarded by NAs and sometimes viewed as inappropriate. A handshake may be viewed as aggressive.
34
How do NAs sometimes appear?
Silent and reserved
35
How do NAs feel about expressing emotions?
They are uncomfortable expressing them
36
The primary social organizations of NAs are what?
Family and tribe
37
What are NA children taught?
To respect tradition
38
What time orient are NAs in?
Present
39
What is a NA medicine man? What does he work with?
The medicine man is called a shaman and uses a variety of methods in practice; may work closely with traditional medicine to heal the sick
40
What height and skin tone do NAs have?
Average height, with reddish toned skin that may be light to medium brown
41
What are NA health problems?
Tuberculosis, alcoholism, and nutritional deficiencies
42
How many Asian/Pacific Islander Americans are in the US today?
Very large group with 11 million immigrants and their descendants
43
Where do APIAs descend from?
Japan, China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Thailand, Cambodia, Korea, Laos, India, and the Pacific Islands
44
How are APIAs viewed? What are they really?
Although they are viewed as one Asian culture, they constitute a multiplicity of differences regarding attitudes, beliefs, values, religious practices, and language
45
Are any APIAs acculturated?
Many younger generation Asian Americans have become almost totally acculturated into the US culture
46
How do APIAs speak?
They are soft spoken, to raise your voice indicates a loss of control
47
How is touching viewed by APIAs?
Touching is not considered totally appropriate by some
48
What is the APIAs social organization made of?
The family is the ultimate social organization
49
What is emphasized over all else for APIAs?
Loyalty to family is emphasized above all else
50
What is highly valued by APIAs?
Education is highly valued, although many remain undereducated
51
What are the types of religion practiced by APIAs?
Religious practices and beliefs are diverse and exhibit influences of Taoism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, and Confucianism
52
What time orient are APIAs in?
Past and present
53
What is the fundamental concept of Asian health practices?
Restoring the balance of yin and yang
54
What size and color are APIAs?
Generally small of frame and build, obesity is very uncommon, skin color ranges from white to medium brown with yellow tones
55
What are the main staple foods of APIAs?
Rice, vegetables and fish
56
How is psychiatric illness viewed by APIAs?
Viewed as behavior that is out of control and brings great shame to the family
57
What is the incidence of APIA dependence on alcohol?
Incidence is low, perhaps because of a possible genetic intolerance of the substance
58
Where is Latino Americans ancestry traced to?
Mexico, Spain, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and other countries of Central and South America
59
What is a common form of communication of LAs?
Touch
60
LAs are very what oriented?
Group oriented
61
What is the primary social organization of LAs?
A large extended family
62
What time orient are LAs in?
Present
63
What is the predominant religion of LAs?
Roman Catholicism
64
What kind of medicine do LAs practice other than traditional?
Folk medicine, it combines elements of Roman Catholicism and Indian and Spanish ancetries
65
What is a LA folk healer called?
Curandero or Curandera
66
Do LAs still subscribe to the hot and cold theory of disease?
Yes (and a side note it is a concept similar to yin and yang)
67
What body size and skin color are LAs?
LAs tend to be shorter somewhat than the dominant cultural group; skin color can vary from light tan to dark brown
68
Why do LAs have less mental illness?
A strong cohesiveness within the family is thought to explain the fact that there is less mental illness among LAs than in the general population
69
Western European Americans originate from where?
France, Italy, or Greece
70
What language do WEAs speak?
Each has a unique language, with unique dialects within each language
71
How do WEAs feel about touch?
Warm and affectionate, very physically expressive, use a lot of body language including hugging and kissing
72
Are WEAs family oriented?
Very family oriented, interact in large groups
73
Are WEAs allegiant to the cultural heritage?
A strong allegiance to the cultural heritage is common
74
How do family roles go for WEAs?
The father is the head of the household; women view their roles as mother and homemaker; children are prized and cherished, and the elderly are respected for their age and wisdom
75
What is the predominant religion for WEAs?
Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion for the French and Italians, and Greek Orthodox for the Greeks
76
What time orient are WEAs in?
Present oriented and view whatever will happen in the future as God's will
77
Do WEAs follow American health practices or cultural ones?
Most follow health beliefs and practices of the dominant American culture, but some folk beliefs and superstitions endure
78
WEAs are of what size and skin color?
Average stature and skin color ranges from fair to medium brown
79
What is the beverage for choice of WEAs?
Wine; but the alcoholism rate is low
80
Where are Arab Americans ancestry and traditions traced back to?
The nomadic desert tribes of the Arabian peninsula
81
What is the official language of the Arab world?
Arabic
82
How does conversation go for Arab Americans?
Conservants stand close together, maintain steady eye contact, and touch (only members of the same sex) the other's hand or shoulder
83
How do Arab Americans speak?
Speech is loud and expressive, with lots of gesturing
84
What time orient are Arab Americans in?
Present
85
How do Arab Americans view punctuality?
It is not taken seriously except in case of business or professional meetings
86
How is the Arab American household set up?
Man is head of the household, and women are subordinate to men
87
What is the primary social org for Arab Americans?
Family is the PSO and children are loved and indulged
88
What do Arab American women value and what do they wear?
Women value modesty and many observe the custom of hijab, covering the body except for one's face and hands
89
What are Arab Americans health concerns?
Infectious diseases and cardiovascular disease; sickle cell anemia and the thalassemias are common in the Eastern Mediterranean
90
What color are Arab Americans?
Most have dark or olive colored skin, but some have blonde or auburn blue and fair complexions
91
What do Arab Americans use in cooking?
Many spices and herbs
92
What is served at every meal for Arab Americans? How is it viewed?
Bread is served at every meal and is viewed as a gift from God
93
What are the most popular meats for Arab Americans?
Lamb and chicken
94
Who are prohibited from eating pork and pork products?
Muslims
95
What is the religion of most Arab countries?
Islam
96
How do Arab Americans viewed church and state?
No separation
97
What type of medicine do Arab Americans practice?
Spiritual medicine combined with conventional medical treatment
98
How do Arab Americans view mental illness?
It is a major social stigma and symptoms are likely to be presented as physical complaints
99
Where did the Jewish come from?
Came to US predominantly from Spain, Portugal, Germany, and Europe
100
How many Jewish are living in the US?
5 million plus, and mots are located in the larger urban areas
101
What main Jewish religious groups exist today?
Orthodox, Reform, Conservative, Reconstructionists
102
What is the primary language of JAs?
English is the primary language, Hebrew is used for prayers and is taught in Jewish religious education
103
How do JAs view education?
Formal education is a highly respected value among the Jewish people; many hold advanced degrees and are employed as professionals
104
What time orient are JAs in?
Past, present, and future
105
How are children viewed by JAs?
Children are highly valued and are expected to be forever grateful to their parents for giving them the gift of life
106
What is JAs physical appearance dependent on?
Dependent on are of the world from which they or their ancestors migrated
107
How do JAs feel about health?
They are very health conscious and maintenance of mental health is as important as physical health
108
What disease are common for JAs?
Genetic diseases common in the Jewish population include Tay-Sachs disease, Gaucher's disease, and familial dysautonomia
109
How do JAs view alcohol?
Alcohol, especially wine, is an essential part of religious holidays and festive occasions,\; it os viewed as appropriate and acceptable as long as its in moderation
110
Jewish religious laws dictate what?
How food is prepared, served, and consumed
111
What are culture bound syndromes?
Recurrent, locality specific patterns of aberrant behavior and troubling experience that may or may not be linked to a particular DSM-IV diagnostic category
112
How are culture bound syndromes viewed?
Many of these patterns are indigenously considered to be "illnesses," or at least afflictions, and most have local names
113
Nursing diagnoses for individuals with varied cultural influences may include:
Impaired verbal communication, anxiety (moderate to severe), imbalanced nutrition less than body requirements, and spiritual distress
114
Outcome criteria are identified for measuring what?
Effectiveness of nursing care
115
Nursing intervention with clients whose beliefs are culturally influenced is aimed at what?
At ensuring those beliefs are not misunderstood and that nursing care includes elements that are important to the individual within his or her own culture
116
Emphasis is also placed on what during planning/implementation?
Emphasis is also placed on developing a trusting relationship with the client and family and eliminating barriers to communication
117
Evaluation is based on what?
On accomplishment of established outcome criteria
118
What is spirituality?
The human quality that gives meaning and sense of purpose to an individual's existence
119
Does spirituality exist in each individual?
It exists within each individual regardless of belief system
120
What does spirituality serve as a force for?
Interconnectedness between the self and others, the environment, and a higher power
121
4 factors/facts of spirituality
Difficult to describe, cannot be seen, means something different to all people, and has been largely ignored in the nursing literature
122
Types of human spiritual needs
Meaning and purpose in life, faith or trust in someone or something beyond ourselves, hope, love, forgiveness
123
Having a purpose in life gives one what?
A sense of control and the feeling that life is worth living
124
Individuals must ultimately determine what?
What is important to them and what gives meaning to their life
125
A solid spiritual foundation may help what?
May help individuals confront life's challenges
126
What is faith?
The acceptance of a belief in the absence of physical or empirical evidence
127
What does faith transcend?
The appearance of the physical world
128
Research suggests that what individuals believe exists can...?
Can have as powerful an impact as what actually exists
129
What can faith be combined with to be powerful in the healing process?
Faith combined with conventional treatment and an optimistic attitude, can be powerful in the healing process
130
4 factors/facts of hope
A special kind of positive expectation; an energizing force; may promote healing facilitate coping, and enhance quality of life; provides an incentive to live
131
What is love?
Probably life's most powerful force and our greatest spiritual need
132
What may be a very important key in the healing process?
Love
133
What does love have a positive effect on physiologically?
Immune system
134
Giving and receiving love may..?
Increase levels of endorphins
135
Research shows that receiving love early in life may?
Help to resist the effects of a deleterious lifestyle
136
What is forgiveness?
The ability to release from the mind all the past hurts and failures, all sense of guilt and loss
137
What does forgiveness enable a person to do?
Cast off resentment and begin the pathway to healing
138
Holding onto grievances causes what?
Pain, suffering, and conflict
139
Forgiveness is a gift to who?
Oneself
140
What does forgiveness offer?
Freedom and peace of mind
141
Nurses must be able to..?
Assess the spiritual needs of their clients
142
Why do clients feel more comfortable revealing intimate details of their lives to nurses than others?
Because of the closeness of their relationship
143
What is religion?
A set of beliefs, values, rites, and rituals adopted by a group of people
144
Where are religious practices grounded?
The practices are usually grounded in the teachings of a spiritual leader
145
Why do some individuals seek out various religions?
To find answers to questions about life
146
Do all spiritual people affiliate with an organized religious group?
Although they may considered themselves spiritual, they may choose not to affiliate with an organized religious group
147
Affiliation with a religious group has been shown to..?
Be a health enhancing endeavor
148
Studies have correlated religious faith/church attendance with what?
Increased chance of survival following serious illness, less depression and other mental illness, longer life, overall better physical and mental health, lower suicide rates, lower drug use and abuse, less juvenile delinquency, lower divorce rates, and improved mental health outcomes
149
How does religious participation protect health and promote well being?
Unknown
150
Religious participation protecting health and promoting well being may be related to?
Active promotion of healthy lifestyles, strong social support network, regular church attendance and participation
151
The Joint Commission requires that nurses address what?
The psychosocial, spiritual, and cultural variables that influence the perception of illness
152
The spiritual assessment tool provides what?
Assistance for addressing these kinds of needs (The Joint Commission requirements)
153
Nursing diagnoses for spiritual and religious needs
Risk for spiritual distress, spiritual distress, readiness for enhanced spiritual well being, risk for impaired religiosity, impaired religiosity, and readiness for enhanced religiosity
154
Outcome criteria are identified for?
Measuring effectiveness of nursing care
155
Nursing intervention with clients who have spiritual and religious needs is aimed at?
Helping the client achieve meaning and purpose in life that reinforce hope, peace, contentment, and self satisfaction
156
Evaluation is based on what?
Accomplishment of previously established outcome criteria
