Ch. 5 - Counseling & Helping Relations Flashcards
1
Q
Who worked with Freud?
A
Adler and Jung
Adler - created individual psychology
Jung - created analytic psychology
2
Q
What is Freud’s topographic notion?
A
- Mind has depth like an iceburg
- unconscious, preconscious, conscious
3
Q
Transactional analysis
A
The communicator is taught to alter the ego state as a way to solve emotional problems. The method deviates from Freudian psychoanalysis, which focuses on increasing awareness of the contents of subconsciously held ideas.
4
Q
Freud eros and thanatos
A
Eros - Greek god of love
Thanatos - death
5
Q
The analytic movement included…
A
Freud, Adler, Jung
6
Q
What do the Id, Ego, and Superego encompass
A
Id - pleasure principle
Ego - reality principle - attempts to balance id and superego
Superego - ego ideal
7
Q
Joseph Wolpe
A
- developed a paradigm known as systematic desensitization
- a behavior therapy based on Pavlov’s classical conditioning
8
Q
What all derives fro classical conditioning
A
- Assertiveness training, flooding, implosive therapy, and sensate focus all derive from classical conditioning.
9
Q
Freud and dreams
A
- manifest content = surface meaning
- latent content = hidden meaning
10
Q
Anna O case
A
- 1st psychoanalytic patient
11
Q
Little Hans case
A
- Fear of the street; Oedipus complex
12
Q
Little Albert case
A
- John Watson
- American Behaviorism
- Made hcild fearful of furry things
13
Q
Most important concept in Freud’s theory is…
A
The unconscious mind
14
Q
What is the topographical theory?
A
Unconscious, preconscious, conscious
- Freud
15
Q
Sour grapes rationalization
A
Underrates
i.e., ‘I didn’t really want it anyway’
16
Q
Sweet lemon rationalization
A
Overrates
i.e., How wonderful a distasteful set of circumstances really is.
17
Q
Reaction formatiob =
A
Acting oppositve of the way one actually feels
18
Q
Compensation =
A
Attempt to develop/overdevelop a positive trait to make up for a limitation
19
Q
Identification =
A
Identifying with a cause or successful person
20
Q
Interpretation =
A
To make clients aware of their unconscious processes
21
Q
Organ Inferiority =
A
(Adler’s indivudal psychology)
- Ways we attempt to compensate
22
Q
What is Adler’s major psychological goal?
A
- To escape deep seated feelings of inferiority
23
Q
Logos =
Eros =
A
- Logic
- Intuition
24
Q
What did Jung use in his work and what did it represent?
A
Mandalas - balanced around a center point to analyze
- Magic protective circles that represents self-unification
25
What is eidetic imagery?
- the ability to remember the most minute details of a scene for an extended period of time
- think photographic memory
26
Sibling interaction is...
More impactful than parent-child interaction
(Adler)
27
What do neo-Freudians emphasize?
Social factors
28
Who used the terms interversion/extroversion
Jung
- Myers briggs is associated with Jung
29
Rudolph Dreikurs was...
- 1st to discuss use of group therapy in private practice
- student of Adler
30
Animus/Anima
Animus - masculine side
Anima - feminine side
31
Things Jung focused on about family
- birth order
- lifestyle
- family constellation
32
Collective unconscious
- Jung
- Is made up of archetypes
33
Archetypes
- Jung
- Primal universal symbol
34
Common archetypes
- the personas = the mask/role we present to others to hide true self
- animus/anima = self
- shadow = mask behind persona, which contains id-like material; denied, yet desired
35
What is symptom substitution?
- Psychoanalytic term
- If you deal with the symptom, another symptom will manifest itself, since the unconscious mind is the problem
- Behaviorists do not believe in the concept of symptom substitution and do work on symptom reduction
36
Adlerians believe behavior...
- Must be studied in a social context, never in isolation
37
Existentialism...
Logotherapy
38
Associationism
Behaviorism
- *John Locke*, David Hume, James Mill, David Hartley
39
BF Skinner's reinforcement theory
- elaborated on Edward Thorndike's law of effect
40
law of effect
- Thorndike
- Responses accompanied by satisfaction will be repeated and responses accompanied by dissatisfaction will not be repeated
- trial and error learning
41
Pavlov is known for...
Classical conditioning
42
Skinner is known for...
Operant conditioning = instrumental learning
43
What is an acquisition period?
The time it takes to learn or acquire a given behavior
44
Respondent behavior refers to...
Reflexes
45
Negative reinforcement...
- not punishment
- requires withdrawal of an aversive (negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur (i.e., taking a pain pill)
- increases behavior
46
Punishment
- decreases behavior
47
The most effective time interval (temporal relation between the CS and US is
1/2 second
48
When CS is delayed =
When CS is terminated before US =
- delayed conditioning
- trace conditioning
49
If US comes before CS...
No conditioining occurs - AKA backward conditioning
50
IS US/CS happen together...
Simultaneous conditioning - conditioning will not occur
51
Stimulus generalization
- Pavlov termed "irradiation"
- 2nd order conditioning - when a stimulus similar to the CS produces the same reaction
- more things produce responses
52
Which is stronger - CS or US?
US
53
Stimulus discrimination =
Makes the condition happen to only 1 thing
54
Experimental neurosis =
differentiation process becomes too difficult due to stimuli being too similar
55
Extinction =
The CR stops happening due to no US
56
John B Watson is associated with which experiment?
Little Albert
57
Chaining =
- Sequence of behaviors in which one response renders cue that next response is to occur
- Series of operants joined by reinforcers
58
Behavioral modification strategies are based on
- Instrumental conditioning
- Skinnerian principles
59
Behavior therapy emphasizes...
- Classical conditioning
- Pavlovian principles
60
Neal Miller...
Conducted the 1st studeies showing animals could be conditioned to control autonomic processes
61
Mary Clover Jones
- Learning could serve as a treatment for phobic reaction
62
The topographic hypothesis
- Freud
- Depth psychology
63
Robert and Carkhuff are known for...
5-point scale measuring empathy, genuineness, concreteness, and respect
64
Positive reinforcer
Negative reinforcer
- Something added
- something removed
65
Any behavior not elicited by an obvious stimulus is
- an operant
66
Higher-order conditioning =
When a new stimulus is associated or paired with the CS and new stimulus takes on the power of the CS
67
EMG =
EEG =
EKG =
- Muscles
- Brain
- Heart
68
Premack principle =
An efficient reinforcer is what one likes, thus a lower-probability behavior (LPB) is reinforced by a higher-probability behavior (HPB) (i.e., if eat veggies, can have dessert)
69
Intermittent reinforcement:
Ratio = # of responses
Interval = time
70
Most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the
Variable ratio
71
Most effective intermittent schedule
Fixed interval
72
Which is more powerful/impactful
Variable > fixed
Ratio > interval
73
Joseph Wolpe
- created systematic desensitization, a recipricol inhibition based on counter-conditioning
- Starts from least anxiety-provoking and moves to most
- ideally 10-15 steps evenly spaced
- extinction is curative factor
74
Steps of systematic desensitization
- relaxation training
- construction of anxiety hierarhy
- desensitization in imagination
in vivo desensitization
75
Sensate focus is
- Behavioral sex therapy
- Masters and Johnson
- Counter conditioning
76
SUDS stands for
Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale
77
Yerkes-Dodson Law
- Some anxiety is helpful
78
Aversive conditioning
- Pairing an aversive stimulus to undersired behavior
79
Behavior rehearsal
Act of practicing a behavior in a counseling session
80
Wilhelm Reich -
- Felt repeated sexual gratification was necessary for cure of emotional maladies
81
Orgone box
- Wilhelm Reich
- A box to sit on to increase orgone life energy (banned now)
82
Conditioned reflex therapy
- Andrew Salter
- Set stage for modern assertiveness training
- Father of behavioral therapy
83
Covert sensitization =
Imagining something causes negative outcome
84
Implosive therapy
- Stampfl
- Always done in the imagination
85
Flooding occurs when
- one is genuinely exposed to the feared stimulus
- also called deliberate exposure with response prevention
86
Viktor Frankle is
- father of Logotherapy
- healing through meaning
87
Ellis is considered
- the founding father of the CBT movement
88
REBT/RET =
- REBT = Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
- RET = Rational-Emotive Therapy
- Emotional disturbance due to irrational thoughts
- Philosopher Epictetus: We feel the way we think
REBT was formerly known as RET
- Albert Ellis
89
Existentialists
- Frankl
Yalom
May
90
Umwelt =
Mitwelt =
Eigenwelt =
- physical
- relationship
- identity
91
Phenomenology =
Refers to client's internal personal experience of events
92
Ontology =
The philosophy of being and existing
93
Noogenic neurosis =
Frustration of the will to meaning
94
William Glasser -
- Reality therapy
- Incorporates control theory, later referred to as choice therapy
95
BCP =
- Reality therapy exam questions use abbreviation BCP
- = perception controls behavior
96
Choice theory asserts...
- that the only person whose behavior we can control is our own
97
Rolfing =
deep muscle massage
98
In reality therapy, the client's childhood is...
- not explored
- reality therapy focuses on the here and now
- therapeutic relationship is similar to a friend asking what is wrong
- when the past is discussed in reality therapy, the focus is on successful behaviors
99
Glasser's position on mental illness
- Diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible
- Glasser's reality therapy and control/choice theory became popular after writing "Schools w/o Failure"
100
8 steps of reality therapy process
- Build a good relationship
- Examine the current behavior
- Evaluate their behavior - helpful or not?
- Brainstorm alternatives
- Commit to new plan
- Evaluate results - no punish/excuses
- Accept logical and natural consequences
- Don't get discouraged
101
ABCs of REBT
A - activating event
B - belief system
C - emotional consequence
D - disputing the irrational behavior
E - a new emotional consequence
102
Ellis is not impressed with
- Animal studies because only humans think in declarations
103
Internal verbalizations () = Pictures on your mind ()
- (REBT)
- (choice theory)
104
Donald Meichenbaum
- Cognitive therapist associated with concept of stress inoculation
- Self-instructional training
Inner dialogue
105
3 phases of stress inoculation
1. Educational phase
2. Rehearsal phase
3. Application phase
106
Cognitive behavioral approaches
REBT
RBT
Self-instructional therapy
107
Maultsby
- Rational behavioral therapy (RBT)
- Emphasizes a written self-analysis
108
Transactional analysis includes
- includes Gestalt therapy
- Healthy communication transactions occur where vectors of communication run parallell
109
Berne's 3 ego states
Parent (superego) - nurturing parent and critical parent
Adult (ego) - processes facts and does not focus on feelings
Child (id) - may manifest as natural child, adapted child, little professor
110
Stephen Karpman's drama triangle
Persecutor
Rescuer
Victim
111
Only technique used readily by TA and behavior therapists
Contracting
112
Degree of game =
Degree of hurt
113
Parallelt vectors of communication =
Complimentary transactions
114
Berne -
- TA
- Life script: Life drama/plot based on unconscious decisions made early in life
- 3 basic scripts: no love, no mind, no joy
115
Unpleasant feelings after a person creates a game are called
Rackets
116
Fritz Perls
- Gestal therapy
117
Cycle of violence 3 phases
1. tension-building phase (arguments)
2. battering/acute incident phase
3. Make up phase
118
Carkhuff and Gazda =
Empathy and counselor effectiveness scalesP
119
Rochaska's TTM
- Transtheoretical model
- Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance
120
NLP =
- Neurolinguistic programming (Bandler & Grinder)
- Reframing - perceive situation from new light
- Achoring - desirable emotional state evoked via outside stimulus
121
Playing the projection technique
- Gestalt
- Act like the person you don't like
- Gestalt incorporates psychodrama
122
Retroflection =
Act of doing to yourself what you really wish to do to someone else
123
Gestalt means...
A form, figure, or configuration as a whole
124
Perls - 5 layers of neurosis
Phony layer
Phobic layer
Impasse layer
Implosive layer
Explosive layer
(Peeling an onion)
125
Unexpressed emotions are...
Unfinished business (Gestalt)
126
Gestalt dialogue:
Top dog
Underdog
Empty chair
AKA games of dialogue
127
Gestalt
- Gestalt does not emphasize cognitive concerns
- Tends to move slower than other modalitites due to confrontation slowing the therapeutic alliance
128
Rogers' approach is...
- Existential or humanistic
- Method aka Self-theory or self-concept
- Person-centered
129
Congruence
- External and internal match
- PCT
130
3 key factors of CPT
Genuineness, unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding
131
Problematic areas that cause self-image issues in counselors:
Competence, power, intimacy
132
Allen E. Ivey - 3 types of empathy
1. Basic - response on same level as client
2. Subtractive - does not comopletely convey understanding
3. Addititve - adds to client's understanding/awareness
133
Truax & Carkhuff created
- A program to help counselors learn accurate empathy
134
Human relations core:
Empathy, positive regard, genuineness
