Ch. 5 - Counseling & Helping Relations Flashcards
Who worked with Freud?
Adler and Jung
Adler - created individual psychology
Jung - created analytic psychology
What is Freud’s topographic notion?
- Mind has depth like an iceburg
- unconscious, preconscious, conscious
Transactional analysis
The communicator is taught to alter the ego state as a way to solve emotional problems. The method deviates from Freudian psychoanalysis, which focuses on increasing awareness of the contents of subconsciously held ideas.
Freud eros and thanatos
Eros - Greek god of love
Thanatos - death
The analytic movement included…
Freud, Adler, Jung
What do the Id, Ego, and Superego encompass
Id - pleasure principle
Ego - reality principle - attempts to balance id and superego
Superego - ego ideal
Joseph Wolpe
- developed a paradigm known as systematic desensitization
- a behavior therapy based on Pavlov’s classical conditioning
What all derives fro classical conditioning
- Assertiveness training, flooding, implosive therapy, and sensate focus all derive from classical conditioning.
Freud and dreams
- manifest content = surface meaning
- latent content = hidden meaning
Anna O case
- 1st psychoanalytic patient
Little Hans case
- Fear of the street; Oedipus complex
Little Albert case
- John Watson
- American Behaviorism
- Made hcild fearful of furry things
Most important concept in Freud’s theory is…
The unconscious mind
What is the topographical theory?
Unconscious, preconscious, conscious
- Freud
Sour grapes rationalization
Underrates
i.e., ‘I didn’t really want it anyway’
Sweet lemon rationalization
Overrates
i.e., How wonderful a distasteful set of circumstances really is.
Reaction formatiob =
Acting oppositve of the way one actually feels
Compensation =
Attempt to develop/overdevelop a positive trait to make up for a limitation
Identification =
Identifying with a cause or successful person
Interpretation =
To make clients aware of their unconscious processes
Organ Inferiority =
(Adler’s indivudal psychology)
- Ways we attempt to compensate
What is Adler’s major psychological goal?
- To escape deep seated feelings of inferiority
Logos =
Eros =
- Logic
- Intuition
What did Jung use in his work and what did it represent?
Mandalas - balanced around a center point to analyze
- Magic protective circles that represents self-unification
What is eidetic imagery?
- the ability to remember the most minute details of a scene for an extended period of time
- think photographic memory
Sibling interaction is…
More impactful than parent-child interaction
(Adler)
What do neo-Freudians emphasize?
Social factors
Who used the terms interversion/extroversion
Jung
- Myers briggs is associated with Jung
Rudolph Dreikurs was…
- 1st to discuss use of group therapy in private practice
- student of Adler
Animus/Anima
Animus - masculine side
Anima - feminine side
Things Jung focused on about family
- birth order
- lifestyle
- family constellation
Collective unconscious
- Jung
- Is made up of archetypes
Archetypes
- Jung
- Primal universal symbol
Common archetypes
- the personas = the mask/role we present to others to hide true self
- animus/anima = self
- shadow = mask behind persona, which contains id-like material; denied, yet desired
What is symptom substitution?
- Psychoanalytic term
- If you deal with the symptom, another symptom will manifest itself, since the unconscious mind is the problem
- Behaviorists do not believe in the concept of symptom substitution and do work on symptom reduction
Adlerians believe behavior…
- Must be studied in a social context, never in isolation
Existentialism…
Logotherapy
Associationism
Behaviorism
- John Locke, David Hume, James Mill, David Hartley
BF Skinner’s reinforcement theory
- elaborated on Edward Thorndike’s law of effect
law of effect
- Thorndike
- Responses accompanied by satisfaction will be repeated and responses accompanied by dissatisfaction will not be repeated
- trial and error learning
Pavlov is known for…
Classical conditioning
Skinner is known for…
Operant conditioning = instrumental learning
What is an acquisition period?
The time it takes to learn or acquire a given behavior
Respondent behavior refers to…
Reflexes
Negative reinforcement…
- not punishment
- requires withdrawal of an aversive (negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur (i.e., taking a pain pill)
- increases behavior
Punishment
- decreases behavior
The most effective time interval (temporal relation between the CS and US is
1/2 second
When CS is delayed =
When CS is terminated before US =
- delayed conditioning
- trace conditioning
If US comes before CS…
No conditioining occurs - AKA backward conditioning
IS US/CS happen together…
Simultaneous conditioning - conditioning will not occur
Stimulus generalization
- Pavlov termed “irradiation”
- 2nd order conditioning - when a stimulus similar to the CS produces the same reaction
- more things produce responses
Which is stronger - CS or US?
US
Stimulus discrimination =
Makes the condition happen to only 1 thing
Experimental neurosis =
differentiation process becomes too difficult due to stimuli being too similar
Extinction =
The CR stops happening due to no US
John B Watson is associated with which experiment?
Little Albert
Chaining =
- Sequence of behaviors in which one response renders cue that next response is to occur
- Series of operants joined by reinforcers
Behavioral modification strategies are based on
- Instrumental conditioning
- Skinnerian principles
Behavior therapy emphasizes…
- Classical conditioning
- Pavlovian principles
Neal Miller…
Conducted the 1st studeies showing animals could be conditioned to control autonomic processes
Mary Clover Jones
- Learning could serve as a treatment for phobic reaction
The topographic hypothesis
- Freud
- Depth psychology
Robert and Carkhuff are known for…
5-point scale measuring empathy, genuineness, concreteness, and respect
Positive reinforcer
Negative reinforcer
- Something added
- something removed
Any behavior not elicited by an obvious stimulus is
- an operant
Higher-order conditioning =
When a new stimulus is associated or paired with the CS and new stimulus takes on the power of the CS
EMG =
EEG =
EKG =
- Muscles
- Brain
- Heart
Premack principle =
An efficient reinforcer is what one likes, thus a lower-probability behavior (LPB) is reinforced by a higher-probability behavior (HPB) (i.e., if eat veggies, can have dessert)
Intermittent reinforcement:
Ratio = # of responses
Interval = time
Most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the
Variable ratio
Most effective intermittent schedule
Fixed interval
Which is more powerful/impactful
Variable > fixed
Ratio > interval
Joseph Wolpe
- created systematic desensitization, a recipricol inhibition based on counter-conditioning
- Starts from least anxiety-provoking and moves to most
- ideally 10-15 steps evenly spaced
- extinction is curative factor
Steps of systematic desensitization
- relaxation training
- construction of anxiety hierarhy
- desensitization in imagination
in vivo desensitization
Sensate focus is
- Behavioral sex therapy
- Masters and Johnson
- Counter conditioning
SUDS stands for
Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale
Yerkes-Dodson Law
- Some anxiety is helpful
Aversive conditioning
- Pairing an aversive stimulus to undersired behavior
Behavior rehearsal
Act of practicing a behavior in a counseling session
Wilhelm Reich -
- Felt repeated sexual gratification was necessary for cure of emotional maladies
Orgone box
- Wilhelm Reich
- A box to sit on to increase orgone life energy (banned now)
Conditioned reflex therapy
- Andrew Salter
- Set stage for modern assertiveness training
- Father of behavioral therapy
Covert sensitization =
Imagining something causes negative outcome
Implosive therapy
- Stampfl
- Always done in the imagination
Flooding occurs when
- one is genuinely exposed to the feared stimulus
- also called deliberate exposure with response prevention
Viktor Frankle is
- father of Logotherapy
- healing through meaning
Ellis is considered
- the founding father of the CBT movement
REBT/RET =
- REBT = Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
- RET = Rational-Emotive Therapy
- Emotional disturbance due to irrational thoughts
- Philosopher Epictetus: We feel the way we think
REBT was formerly known as RET
- Albert Ellis
Existentialists
- Frankl
Yalom
May
Umwelt =
Mitwelt =
Eigenwelt =
- physical
- relationship
- identity
Phenomenology =
Refers to client’s internal personal experience of events
Ontology =
The philosophy of being and existing
Noogenic neurosis =
Frustration of the will to meaning
William Glasser -
- Reality therapy
- Incorporates control theory, later referred to as choice therapy
BCP =
- Reality therapy exam questions use abbreviation BCP
- = perception controls behavior
Choice theory asserts…
- that the only person whose behavior we can control is our own
Rolfing =
deep muscle massage
In reality therapy, the client’s childhood is…
- not explored
- reality therapy focuses on the here and now
- therapeutic relationship is similar to a friend asking what is wrong
- when the past is discussed in reality therapy, the focus is on successful behaviors
Glasser’s position on mental illness
- Diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible
- Glasser’s reality therapy and control/choice theory became popular after writing “Schools w/o Failure”
8 steps of reality therapy process
- Build a good relationship
- Examine the current behavior
- Evaluate their behavior - helpful or not?
- Brainstorm alternatives
- Commit to new plan
- Evaluate results - no punish/excuses
- Accept logical and natural consequences
- Don’t get discouraged
ABCs of REBT
A - activating event
B - belief system
C - emotional consequence
D - disputing the irrational behavior
E - a new emotional consequence
Ellis is not impressed with
- Animal studies because only humans think in declarations
Internal verbalizations () = Pictures on your mind ()
- (REBT)
- (choice theory)
Donald Meichenbaum
- Cognitive therapist associated with concept of stress inoculation
- Self-instructional training
Inner dialogue
3 phases of stress inoculation
- Educational phase
- Rehearsal phase
- Application phase
Cognitive behavioral approaches
REBT
RBT
Self-instructional therapy
Maultsby
- Rational behavioral therapy (RBT)
- Emphasizes a written self-analysis
Transactional analysis includes
- includes Gestalt therapy
- Healthy communication transactions occur where vectors of communication run parallell
Berne’s 3 ego states
Parent (superego) - nurturing parent and critical parent
Adult (ego) - processes facts and does not focus on feelings
Child (id) - may manifest as natural child, adapted child, little professor
Stephen Karpman’s drama triangle
Persecutor
Rescuer
Victim
Only technique used readily by TA and behavior therapists
Contracting
Degree of game =
Degree of hurt
Parallelt vectors of communication =
Complimentary transactions
Berne -
- TA
- Life script: Life drama/plot based on unconscious decisions made early in life
- 3 basic scripts: no love, no mind, no joy
Unpleasant feelings after a person creates a game are called
Rackets
Fritz Perls
- Gestal therapy
Cycle of violence 3 phases
- tension-building phase (arguments)
- battering/acute incident phase
- Make up phase
Carkhuff and Gazda =
Empathy and counselor effectiveness scalesP
Rochaska’s TTM
- Transtheoretical model
- Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance
NLP =
- Neurolinguistic programming (Bandler & Grinder)
- Reframing - perceive situation from new light
- Achoring - desirable emotional state evoked via outside stimulus
Playing the projection technique
- Gestalt
- Act like the person you don’t like
- Gestalt incorporates psychodrama
Retroflection =
Act of doing to yourself what you really wish to do to someone else
Gestalt means…
A form, figure, or configuration as a whole
Perls - 5 layers of neurosis
Phony layer
Phobic layer
Impasse layer
Implosive layer
Explosive layer
(Peeling an onion)
Unexpressed emotions are…
Unfinished business (Gestalt)
Gestalt dialogue:
Top dog
Underdog
Empty chair
AKA games of dialogue
Gestalt
- Gestalt does not emphasize cognitive concerns
- Tends to move slower than other modalitites due to confrontation slowing the therapeutic alliance
Rogers’ approach is…
- Existential or humanistic
- Method aka Self-theory or self-concept
- Person-centered
Congruence
- External and internal match
- PCT
3 key factors of CPT
Genuineness, unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding
Problematic areas that cause self-image issues in counselors:
Competence, power, intimacy
Allen E. Ivey - 3 types of empathy
- Basic - response on same level as client
- Subtractive - does not comopletely convey understanding
- Addititve - adds to client’s understanding/awareness
Truax & Carkhuff created
- A program to help counselors learn accurate empathy
Human relations core:
Empathy, positive regard, genuineness
