Ch. 4 - Social & Cultural Diversity

Question 1

Who created Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Answer 1

Leon Festinger

Question 2

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Answer 2

• approach/approach; tendency to justify behavior; approach/avoid, etc.
• Bystander effect - diffusion of responsibility
• Predicts that the person will ook for things which are consistent with their behavior
  Focuses on cognition and attitude formation

Question 3

Dissonance by denial example

Answer 3

Saying “I don’t care about passing”

Question 4

Dissonance via consistent cognitions example

Answer 4

Even though the car doesn’t run, insurance is low.

Question 5

Who is most likely to be taught that independence is a virtue

Answer 5

Middle-aged and upper class citizens

Question 6

Assimilation-Contrast Theory

Answer 6

The assimilation-contrast theory posits that individuals’ judgments and perceptions can be influenced by comparisons to standards, leading to either assimilation (aligning with the standard) or contrast (deviating from the standard) effects

Question 7

Monolithic

Answer 7

Seeing an entire group as identical

Question 8

Prime facor in history of mmulticultural counseling

Answer 8

1954 Brown v. Board of Ed - outlawed segregation

Question 9

Emic and Etic

Answer 9

Emic - insider’s perspective of culture. Emphasizes client is individual w individual differences;

Etic - Theory that humans are humans - regardless of culture; uses same strategies on all clients and does not take culture into consideration

Question 10

Alloplastic and autoplastic meaning

Answer 10

Alloplastic: Challenging or altering external factors in the environment

Autoplastic: (Auto - self) changing self.

Question 11

Stanley Milgram

Answer 11

• obedience and authority
• milgram experiements

Question 12

The tendency to affiliate with others is highest in…

Answer 12

First borns

Question 13

In 1908 books by who helped introduce social psychology in America

Answer 13

McDongall and Ross
McDongall - wrote Intro to Social Psychology
Ross - wrote Social Psychology

Question 14

Cultural pluralism

Answer 14

A minority group will keep their own unique cultural values, yet still participate in the wider or dominant culture

Question 15

Social Learning Theory is a type of what kind of learning

Answer 15

Observational Learning

Question 16

Daniel Levinson

Answer 16

Stage Crisis View Theory
- wrote Season’s of a Man’s Woman’s Life
- postulated mid-life crises for men age 40-45 and women age 35-40
- theory is viewed as biased against women

Question 17

Carol Gilligan was critical of who’s theory

Answer 17

Kohlberg’s theory
- she cfelt it was more for males than females

Question 18

Who coined frustration-aggression theory

Answer 18

John Dollard and Neal Miller

Question 19

Mores

Answer 19

Bliefs and social customs regarding rightness/wrongness of behavior;
- people are generally punished for violating mores

Question 20

Fran Parsons

Answer 20

• Father of guidance
• 1st social reformer and heavily focused on sociocultural issues

Question 21

Emory Bogardus developed

Answer 21

Social Distance Scale
- evaluated how individual fetl toward othe rethnic groups
- wanting to keep distance from a certain group of people is seen as a form of punishmentF

Question 22

Foot-in-the-door obedience

Answer 22

Compliance technique
- when a person agrees to a less repugnant request, they will be more likely to comply with a request which is even more distasteful
Developed by Freedman and Fraser

Question 23

Society definition

Answer 23

Self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory
- cultures operate within societies

Question 24

Acculturation

Answer 24

Ethinic and racial minorities integrate or adapt cultural beliefs and customs from majority culture

Question 25

Assimilation

Answer 25

Occurs when the individual has such a high level of acculturation that they become part of the dominant culture

Question 26

A popular individual has good…

Answer 26

Social skills

Question 27

Balance Theory

Answer 27

Move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency
- tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state
- inconsistent thoughts are often referred to as dissonance
- work to attempt change

Question 28

Muzaater Sherif et al

Answer 28

Working in a joint manner will bring hostile groups together through having a superordinate goal

Question 29

Asch Situation

Answer 29

Sell out and agree with majority

Question 30

We demand what from cultures different than our own and what from our own cultures

Answer 30

Less social conformity from cultures different than our own and more from our own cultures

Question 31

Who introduced social psychology to America

Answer 31

McDongall and Ross