Ch. 4 - Social & Cultural Diversity Flashcards
Who created Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Leon Festinger
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
- approach/approach; tendency to justify behavior; approach/avoid, etc.
- Bystander effect - diffusion of responsibility
- Predicts that the person will ook for things which are consistent with their behavior
Focuses on cognition and attitude formation
Dissonance by denial example
Saying “I don’t care about passing”
Dissonance via consistent cognitions example
Even though the car doesn’t run, insurance is low.
Who is most likely to be taught that independence is a virtue
Middle-aged and upper class citizens
Assimilation-Contrast Theory
The assimilation-contrast theory posits that individuals’ judgments and perceptions can be influenced by comparisons to standards, leading to either assimilation (aligning with the standard) or contrast (deviating from the standard) effects
Monolithic
Seeing an entire group as identical
Prime facor in history of mmulticultural counseling
1954 Brown v. Board of Ed - outlawed segregation
Emic and Etic
Emic - insider’s perspective of culture. Emphasizes client is individual w individual differences;
Etic - Theory that humans are humans - regardless of culture; uses same strategies on all clients and does not take culture into consideration
Alloplastic and autoplastic meaning
Alloplastic: Challenging or altering external factors in the environment
Autoplastic: (Auto - self) changing self.
Stanley Milgram
- obedience and authority
- milgram experiements
The tendency to affiliate with others is highest in…
First borns
In 1908 books by who helped introduce social psychology in America
McDongall and Ross
McDongall - wrote Intro to Social Psychology
Ross - wrote Social Psychology
Cultural pluralism
A minority group will keep their own unique cultural values, yet still participate in the wider or dominant culture
Social Learning Theory is a type of what kind of learning
Observational Learning
Daniel Levinson
Stage Crisis View Theory
- wrote Season’s of a Man’s Woman’s Life
- postulated mid-life crises for men age 40-45 and women age 35-40
- theory is viewed as biased against women
Carol Gilligan was critical of who’s theory
Kohlberg’s theory
- she cfelt it was more for males than females
Who coined frustration-aggression theory
John Dollard and Neal Miller
Mores
Bliefs and social customs regarding rightness/wrongness of behavior;
- people are generally punished for violating mores
Fran Parsons
- Father of guidance
- 1st social reformer and heavily focused on sociocultural issues
Emory Bogardus developed
Social Distance Scale
- evaluated how individual fetl toward othe rethnic groups
- wanting to keep distance from a certain group of people is seen as a form of punishmentF
Foot-in-the-door obedience
Compliance technique
- when a person agrees to a less repugnant request, they will be more likely to comply with a request which is even more distasteful
Developed by Freedman and Fraser
Society definition
Self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory
- cultures operate within societies
Acculturation
Ethinic and racial minorities integrate or adapt cultural beliefs and customs from majority culture
Assimilation
Occurs when the individual has such a high level of acculturation that they become part of the dominant culture
A popular individual has good…
Social skills
Balance Theory
Move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency
- tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state
- inconsistent thoughts are often referred to as dissonance
- work to attempt change
Muzaater Sherif et al
Working in a joint manner will bring hostile groups together through having a superordinate goal
Asch Situation
Sell out and agree with majority
We demand what from cultures different than our own and what from our own cultures
Less social conformity from cultures different than our own and more from our own cultures
Who introduced social psychology to America
McDongall and Ross
