Ch. 3 - Human Growth and Development Flashcards
What is Freud’s structural model of the psyche?
Id: aggression, subconscious, body;
Ego: logical, rational, reason
Superego: moralistic, idealistic
Robert Perry
Dualistic thinking; cognitive development of adults
Robert Kegan
- Interpersonal development; adult cognitive development
- Constructive model of development
- Individual construct reality through life-span
Jean Piaget - stages
- Sensorimotor (0-2)
- Preoperations (2-7)
- Concrete operations (7-11)
- Formal operations (12+)
- observed his own children
- worked with Alfred Binet
Properties of Matter - Conservation of Mass
A substance’s weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if shape changes
Vygotsky
- disagreed with Piaget’s notion that developmental stages take place naturally
- believed stages unfold due to educational intervention
Kohlberg
- Moral development leading theorist
- used stories to determine level of moreal development in children
- expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development
Egocentrism
(Piaget) - when child cannot view world from point of someone else
Kolhber’gs Moral Development Stages/Levels
3 levels
Preconvential, conventional, postconventional
6 stages
obedience and punishment, instrumental purpose, good boy nice girl, law and order, social contract, universal ethical principle
Who used term ‘identity crisis?’
Erikson
RS =
Religious and Spiritual
Founder of individual psychology
Adler
Erikson’s 8 stages of ego identity formation
- Trust vs Mistrust (0-18mos)
- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (18mos to 3yrs)
- Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5)
- Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11)
- Identity vs. Confusion (12-18)
- Intimacy vs. Isolation (18-40)
- Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65)
- Integrity vs. Despair (65-death)
Harry Stack Sullivan Stages
Infancy
Childhood
Juvenile
Preadolescence
Early Adolescence
Late Adolescence
Sullivan - Psychiatry of Interpersonal Relationships Theory
Interpersonal issues > biological issues
Zone of Proximal Development
(Zygotsky) Difference btween child’s performance w/o teacher vs w/ teacher
DBT Created by
Marsha Linehan. Focused on Suicide/self-harm and AODA.
John Bolby
- Bonding and Attachment
- Adaptive significance, survival value
- Child must bond w/ adult before age 3; if severed, object loss
- Mothers should be primary caretakers
- Object loss = protest to despair to detachment
Margaret Mahler
Separation-individual theory of child development.
- Symbiosis - child/mom
Harry Harlow
Maternal depreivation/isolation in rheus monkeys
- monkeys preferred the cloth over wire even when wire fed them
Gesell
- 1-way mirror for observing children
- maturationist
development primarily determined by genetics
Freud Psychosexual stages
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
Freud - Attachment is a major factor during which stage?
Oral stage
What does latent mean?
Hidden meaning of dreams
Cephalocandal
Head to foot
Heritability
Portion of a trait that can be explained via genetic factors
Piaget’s formal operational stage
- abstract thinking emerges and problems can be solved using deduction
Eleanor Gibson
- Used the visual cliff for measuring depth perception in children (can by 6mos)
Empiricism
- Development comes from quantitative changes only)
- precedes behaviorism
- An empiricist is a view of development that is behavioristic
Organismic
Gestalt therapists (Kurt Goldstein)
Sensorimotor stage
Schema of Permanency and Constancy of Objects
Fixation (psychoanalytic)
- Unable to go from one developmental stage to the next
- Gets stuck in a stage that feels safe
- Emotional development comes to a halt
Instinctual
Species-speific innate behaviors that do not need to be practiced or learned
Konrad Lorenz - Ethology and Comparative Psychology
Ethology - study of animals’ behavior in natural environment
Comparative Psychology - lab research using animals and attempts to generalize findings to humans
Robert Havinghurst - tasks of developmentdevelopmental tasks
- Infancy and Early childhood (0-6)
- middle childhood (6-12)
- adolescence (12-18)
- early adulthood (19-30)
- middle-age (30-60)
- later maturity (60+)
Jung - Archetypes
Unconscious Factors
Jung - Anima/Animus
Female/male
characteristics of personality
Wish fulfillment
Dreams and slips of the tongue are actually wish fulfillments
Freud thought morality developed from the…
superego
Eric Berne
- transactional analysis
- parent ego: State w/ shoulds/musts - guides morality
Lorenz - Aggression
- is an inborn tendency
Frank Parson’s
- father of guidance - help centers to search for work
Who is known for imprinting
Lorenz
Maslow
Interviewed people who escaped the “pscyhology of the average”
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem and self-actualization
Piaget is a…
Structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative
Equilibration
- Piaget’s balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation)
Fixed Action Pattern (FAP)
Elicited by sign stimuli = ritualistic behaviorss
Robert Kegan - Holding Environment
- client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction
Libidinal means…
Related to libido which is the sexual impulse or desire
Primal scene
- psychoanalytic term
- suggests that a young child witnesses his parents having sexual intercourse or is seduced by a parent
- said to provoke neroses later in life
Preconscious psychic processes aka “foreconscious”
- material is not conscious but can be recalled w/o use of special psychoanalytic
BASIC-ID
- acronym posited by Arnold Lazarus
- feels his approach to counseling is multimodal, relying on a variety of therapeutic techniques
- Behavor, Affective responses, Sensations, Imagery, Cognitions, Interpersonal relationships, Drugs
