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Pathophysiology Exam 3 > Ch. 43 Disorders of Musculoskeletal Function: Trauma, Infection, and Neoplasms > Flashcards

Ch. 43 Disorders of Musculoskeletal Function: Trauma, Infection, and Neoplasms Flashcards

1
Q

What connects muscle to bone?

A

Tendons

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2
Q

What connects bone to bone?

A

Ligaments

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3
Q

What are acute musculoskeletal injuries?

A
  • Soft tissue

- Fractures

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4
Q

Tennis elbow is an example of what type of injury?

A

Overuse musculoskeletal injury

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5
Q

What is the treatment for soft tissue injuries?

A

RICE

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6
Q

What does R.I.C.E stand for?

A
  • Rest
  • Ice
  • Compression
  • Elevation
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7
Q

Stretching or partial tear of a muscle or muscle-tendon unit is what type of injury?

A

Strain (“pulled muscle”)

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8
Q

What are the manifestations of a strain?

A
  • Painful
  • Stiff
  • Swelling
  • Localized tenderness
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9
Q

What type of injury involves the joint ligaments or capsule surrounding the joint?

A

Sprains

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10
Q

Where are sprains most common?

A

Ankle

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11
Q

What are the manifestations of sprains?

A
  • Pain
  • Swelling
  • Heat
  • Disability
  • Discoloration
  • Limited Function
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12
Q

Which resolve slower a strain or sprain?

A

Sprain

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13
Q

What are the treatments for sprains?

A

RICE

-if severe immobilizers

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14
Q

What is the displacement or separation of bone ends from their position in the joint?

A

Dislocation of joint

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15
Q

What are symptoms of a displaced joint?

A
  • Pain
  • Deformity
  • Limited movement
  • May have fracture
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16
Q

How do you treat a dislocated joint?

A
  • Manipulation
  • Immobilization for weeks
  • Surgery
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17
Q

A shoulder injury which is made up of muscles and tendons is what?

A

Rotator cuff injury

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18
Q

Shoulders are commonly injured from excessive use, a direct blow, or stretching injury causing what type of injury?

A

Rotator cuff injury

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19
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a rotator cuff injury?

A
  • Pain especially at night
  • Tenderness
  • Decreased ROM
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20
Q

Knee injuries predispose individuals to what?

A

OA later in life

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21
Q

What is the most common site of injury?

A

Knee

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22
Q

What four ligament injuries are there?

A
  • MCL
  • LCL
  • ACL
  • PCL
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23
Q

A pop or tearing is commonly described with what ligament injury?

A

ACL

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24
Q

What are ligament injury treatments?

A
  • Rest
  • Ice
  • Crutches
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25
Q

A meniscus tear is what type of injury?

A

Traumatic

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26
Q

What are the manifestations of a meniscus tear?

A
  • Edematous
  • Painful
  • Possible locking and instability
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27
Q

A patellar subluxation and dislocation are what common types of injuries?

A
  • Sports

- Congenital variations

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28
Q

A “popping out” sensation or the knee giving out is a sign of what?

A

A patellar subluxation or dislocation

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29
Q

What are manifestations of a patellar subluxation or dislocation?

A
  • Swelling
  • Crepitus
  • Stiffness
  • Decreased ROM
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30
Q

Dislocation of the hip is due to what?

A

Severe trauma

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31
Q

Dislocation of the hip is a medical what?

A

Emergency

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32
Q

Why is dislocation of the hip a medical emergency?

A

Due to avascular necrosis (lack of blood flow to hip)

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33
Q

A hip replacement is needed regardless of age is what situation?

A

Hip dislocation

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34
Q

What type of fractures are there?

A
  • Sudden injury
  • Fatigue or stress (repeat wear on bone)
  • Pathologic
35
Q

Pathologic fractures are caused by what?

A
  • Bone weakened by tumor or disease
  • Cyst
  • Tumor
  • Osteoporosis
  • Paget’s Disease
36
Q

What types of Pathological fractures are there?

A
  • Proximal
  • Midshaft
  • Distal
  • Open (compound)
  • Closed
  • Complete
  • Incomplete
37
Q

Which type of fracture can lead to infection?

A

Open (compound)

38
Q

Besides pain, swelling, and decreased function. What are other manifestations of fractures?

A
  • Deformity
  • Grating
  • Bleeding with open fracture
  • “Local Shock” (brief numbness of fracture)
  • Muscle Spasms
39
Q

Fracture pain is commonly described as what?

A

Burning

40
Q

What are signs and symptoms of a hip fracture?

A
  • Severe groin pain
  • Inability to ambulate on affected extremity
  • Shorten leg
  • Externally rotated
  • ADDuction
41
Q

What is the ultimate treatment of a hip fracture?

A

Surgery/ Hip Replacement

42
Q

What does CMS stand for?

A
  • Circulation
  • Motor
  • Sensory
43
Q

What is the key assessment of fractures?

A

CMS

44
Q

What are complications of fractures?

A
  • Hemorrhage
  • Compartment Syndrome
  • Fat Embolism
45
Q

What fractures should be monitored for hemorrhage?

A
  • Humerus
  • Femur
  • Especially Pelvic (Hypovalemic shock)
46
Q

Increased pressure from swelling in the area of fracture, causing nerve and blood vessel damage is what syndrome?

A

Compartment Syndrome

47
Q

What syndrome from a fracture is life-threatening and limb-threatening?

A

Compartment Syndrome

48
Q

Death of nerve and muscles cells is seen in what fracture syndrome?

A

Compartment Syndrome

49
Q

Loss of perfusion is seen in what fracture syndrome?

A

Compartment Syndrome

50
Q

What are factors affecting compartment syndrome?

A
  • Pressure elevation
  • Metabolic rates of tissue
  • Vascular tone
  • Local Bp
51
Q

What are symptoms of compartment syndrome?

A
  • Severe pain
  • Change in sensation
  • Decreased reflexes
  • Decreased motor function
  • ** Decrease in CMS
52
Q

What is the treatment for compartment syndrome?

A
  • Loosen dressings/remove cast

- Fasciotomy

53
Q

A nurse determines a client understands the teaching regarding compartment syndrome if he reports which early symptom?

A

Paresthesia

54
Q

Fat droplets released and act as emboli, becoming impacted in pulmonary microvasculature and other microvascular beds, especially the brain is known as what syndrome?

A

Fat Embolism

55
Q

Fat Embolisms are caused by what?

A

Trauma/Large bone fractures

56
Q

What are signs and symptoms of a fat embolism?

A
  • Tachypnea
  • Tachycardia
  • Dyspnea
  • Petechial rash on chest and neck
57
Q

What is the treatment for a fat embolism?

A
  • No immediate treatment, fat needs to be reabsorbed by body.
  • Potentially oxygen or even ventilator
58
Q

While a women with a fractured femur is being prepared for surgery, she exhibits cyanosis, tachycardia, dyspnea, and restlessness. What should the nurse do first?

A

Place in Semi-fowlers position

59
Q

What is acute or chronic infection of the bone? (usually bacterial)

A

Osteomyleitis

60
Q

Acute contiguous spread of osteomyelitis is caused by what?

A

Direct contamination of bone from open wound

61
Q

What are signs and symptoms of acute osteomyelitis?

A
  • fever
  • tachycardia
  • increased pain
  • poor healing
  • drainage
62
Q

Acute osteomyelitis is even more concerning if what happens?

A

infection reaches bloodstream

63
Q

A chronic osteomyelitis infection lasts how long even adequately treated?

A

greater than 6-8 weeks, may last years

64
Q

What is a potential complication of chronic osteomyelitis?

A

Bone dies due to lost blood supply

65
Q

A client with an open fracture is at risk for developing osteomyelitis. Which classes symptoms would the nurse assess for to detect development of this complication?

A
  • Increased pain at fracture site
  • Elevated temperature
  • Increased swelling at the fracture site
66
Q

Death of bone and marrow in absence of infection due to ischemia is called what?

A

Osteonecrosis

67
Q

What are the common causes of osteonecrosis?

A
  1. hip fracture

2. idiopathic

68
Q

Where is osteonecrosis most common?

A

Femur

69
Q

What is the major sign and symptom of osteonecrosis?

A

PAIN that becomes progressively worse

70
Q

What are neoplasms?

A

Bone tumors

71
Q

What is the most common primary malignant bone tumor?

A

Osteosarcoma

72
Q

What is the 3rd most common cancer in children and adolescents?

A

Osteosarcoma

73
Q

Why is osteosarcoma the 3rd most common cancer in children and adolescents?

A

Because it develops during period of rapid growth

74
Q

Osteosarcoma is seen what bones?

A

Large bones but can occur in any bones

75
Q

What are symptoms of osteosarcoma?

A
  • Pain (worse at night)
  • Decreased ROM
  • Swelling
  • Redness
76
Q

How can osteosarcoma spread?

A

Via blood vessels

77
Q

Osteosarcoma commonly metastasis to where?

A

Lungs

78
Q

Osteosarcoma can spread to where?

A

Soft tissue

79
Q

Is osteosarcoma an aggressive/fast spreading cancer?

A

Yes

80
Q

What is the primary goal of osteosarcoma treatment?

A

Disease free survival

81
Q

What is the secondary treatment goal of osteosarcoma?

A

Preserve limb

82
Q

Surgery and chemotherapy are treatments for what bone disease?

A

Osteosarcoma

83
Q

Which of the following would suggest to the nurse at an urgent care center that a client may have an ankle sprain?

A

The client has a twisting injury while running bases during baseball game.

Pathophysiology Exam 3 (7 decks)

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