ch 42 labs

Question 1

osmolality

Answer 1

285-295 mOsm/kg

Question 2

sodium Na+

Answer 2

136-145 mEq/L

Question 3

potassium K+

Answer 3

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Question 4

chloride Cl-

Answer 4

98-106 mEq/L

Question 5

Total CO2

Answer 5

22-30 mEq/L

Question 6

HCO3

Answer 6

arterial 21-28 mEq/L

venous 24-30 mEq/L

Question 7

total calcium Ca2+

Answer 7

9.0-10.5

Question 8

ionized calcium

Answer 8

4.5-5.6

Question 9

magnesium mg2+

Answer 9

1.3-2.1

Question 10

phosphate

Answer 10

3.0-4.5

Question 11

anion gap

Answer 11

6 +/- 4 mEq/L

Question 12

pH

Answer 12

7.35-7.45

Question 13

PaCO2

Answer 13

35-45

Question 14

PaO2

Answer 14

80-100

Question 15

Base excess

Answer 15

-2 to +2

Question 16

Potassium function

Answer 16

Maintains resting membrane potential of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle, allowing for normal muscle function

Question 17

ionized calcium function

Answer 17

influences excitability of nerve and muscles cells, necessary for muscle contraction

Question 18

magnesium function

Answer 18

influences function of neuromuscular junctions and is a cofactor for numerous enzymes

Question 19

phosphate function

Answer 19

necessary for production of ATP, the energy source for metabolism

Question 20

hypokalemia signs and symptoms

Answer 20

bilateral muscle weakness that begins in quadriceps and may ascend to respiratory muscles; abdominal distention; decreased bowel sounds; constipation; cardiac dysrhythmias; signs of digoxin toxicity at normal digoxin levels

Question 21

hyperkalemia signs and symptoms

Answer 21

bilateral muscle weakness in quadriceps, transient abdominal cramps and diarrhea, cardiac dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest

Question 22

hypocalcemia signs and symptoms

Answer 22

positive Chvostek sign (contraction of facial muscles when facial nerve is tapped), positive Trousseau sign (carpal spasm with hypoxia), numbness and tingling of fingers and circumoral (around mouth) region, hyperreactive reflexes, muscle twitching and cramping, tetany, seizures with laryngospasm, cardiac dysrhythmias

Question 23

hypercalcemia signs and symptoms

Answer 23

Anorexia, nausea and vomiting, constipation, fatigue, diminished reflexes, lethargy, decreased level of consciousness, confusion, personality change, cardiac dysrhythmias; possible flank pain from renal calculi; with hypercalcemia caused by shift of calcium from bone: pathological fractures; signs of digoxin toxicity at normal digoxin levels

Question 24

hypomagnesmia signs and symptoms

Answer 24

Positive Chvostek sign and Trousseau signs, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, insomnia, muscle cramps and twitching, grimacing, dysphagia, tachycardia, hypertension, tetany, seizures, cardiac dysrhythmias; signs of digoxin toxicity at normal digoxin levels

Question 25

hypermagnesmia signs and symptoms

Answer 25

Lethargy, hypoactive deep tendon reflexes, bradycardia, hypotension; acute elevation in magnesium levels: flushing, sensation of warmth; severe hypermagnesemia: flaccid muscle paralysis, and confusion possibly followed by decreased level of consciousness, cardiac dysrhythmias

Question 26

metabolic acidosis signs and symptoms

Answer 26

Decreased level of consciousness (lethargy, confusion, coma), abdominal pain, cardiac dysrhythmias, increased rate and depth of respirations (compensatory hyperventilation)

Question 27

metabolic alkalosis

Answer 27

Lightheadedness, numbness and tingling of fingers, toes, and circumoral region (paresthesias); possible excitement and confusion followed by decreased level of consciousness, cardiac dysrhythmias (may be attributable to hypokalemia)