activity and exercise

Question 1

concentric tension

Answer 1

concentric tension increased muscle contraction causes muscle shortening

Question 2

eccentric tension

Answer 2

causes lengthening of a muscle to control the speed and direction of movement

Question 3

body alignment

Answer 3

an individuals’ center of gravity is stable

Question 4

balance control

Answer 4

without this, the center of gravity is displaced, required for the static position and moving

Question 5

coordinated body movement

Answer 5

involves the integrated functioning of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems

Question 6

friction

Answer 6

the force that occurs in a direction to oppose movement

Question 7

skeletal system

Answer 7

provides attachments for muscles and ligaments and the leverage necessary for mobility

Question 8

isotonic contractions

Answer 8

exercises that cause muscle contraction and change in muscle length (walking, swimming, biking)

Question 9

isometric contractions

Answer 9

static contraction that causes an increase in muscle tension but no shortening or active movement of the muscle

Question 10

resistive isometric exercises

Answer 10

contraction of muscles while pushing against a stationary object or resisting the movement of the object

Question 11

fibrous joints

Answer 11

joints that fit closely together and are fixed

Question 12

cartilaginous joints

Answer 12

have little movement but are elastic and use cartilage to separate body surfaces

Question 13

synovial joints

Answer 13

freely moveable joints

Question 14

ligaments

Answer 14

bands of fibrous tissue that bind joints and connect bones and cartilage

Question 15

tendons

Answer 15

bands of tissue that connect muscle to bone

Question 16

cartilage

Answer 16

nonvascular supporting connective tissue

Question 17

antagonistic muscles

Answer 17

provide precision and control during contraction of prime mover

Question 18

synergistic muscles

Answer 18

muscles that contract to accomplish the same movement as prime mover

Question 19

fixators

Answer 19

muscles that are involved with joint stabilization

Question 20

proprioception

Answer 20

the awareness of the position of the body and its parts

Question 21

Prime mover

Answer 21

muscle that directly performs a specific movement

brachialis is a prime mover when flexing the elbow

Question 22

antagonist

Answer 22

when contracting directly opposes prime mover or agonist. relaxes while prime mover contracts. provides precision and control during contraction of prime mover

triceps brachii is an extensor that relaxes when brachialis contracts

Question 23

synergists

Answer 23

muscle that contracts at same time as prime mover and helps prime mover;

deltoid contracts when brachialis contracts

Question 24

fixators

Answer 24

muscles that stabilize joints; act as type of synergist. serve to maintain posture and balance

deltoid maintains balance of arm when brachialis contracts

Question 25

congenital defects

Answer 25

abnormalities affect the efficiency of the musculoskeletal system in regard to alignment, balance, and appearance

Question 26

osteogenesis imperfecta

Answer 26

inherited disorder. causes bones to be porus, short, bowed, and deformed. children can experience curvature of the spine and shortness of stature

Question 27

scoliosis

Answer 27

structural curvature of the spine associated with vertebral rotation. muscles, ligaments, and other soft tissues become shortened, affecting balance and mobility

Question 28

bone, joint, and muscle disorders

Answer 28

affect integrity of structures

Question 29

osteoporosis

Answer 29

reduction of bone density or mass. the bone remains biochemically normal but has difficulty maintaining integrity and support. leading to fractures

Question 30

inflammatory joint diseases

Answer 30

cause inflammation or destruction of the synovial membrane and articular cartilage and causes systemic signs of inflammation

Question 31

arthritis

Answer 31

changes in articular cartilage combined with overgrowth of bone at the articular ends. degenerative changes commonly affect weight-bearing joints

Question 32

articular disruption

Answer 32

trauma to the articular capsules and ranges from mild, such as a tear resulting in a sprain, to severe, such as a separation leading to dislocation

Question 33

central nervous system disorder

Answer 33

damages part of the central nervous system that regulates voluntary movement and causes impaired body alignment and immobility

Question 34

traumatic head injury

Answer 34

damage in the motor strip of the cerebrum. the amount of voluntary motor impairment is directly related to the amount of destruction of the motor strip

Question 35

spinal cord injury

Answer 35

damage to spinal cord results in loss of function (permanent or temporary) below level of injury. a patients loss of function depends on level of spinal cord affected

Question 36

musculoskeletal trauma

Answer 36

results in bruises, contusions, sprains, and/or fractures

Question 37

bone fracture

Answer 37

simple or complex disruption of bone tissue continuity; often creates need for temporary immobility of affected body part

Question 38

how much exercise should adults do a week for substantial health benefits?

Answer 38

2 1/2 hours to 5 hours of moderate or | 1 hour and 15 to 2 hours and 30 of vigorous intensity

Question 39

measure heart rate during and after exercise. compare with baseline: stop physical activity when:

Answer 39

HR is above target heart rate or HR is more than a 20% decrease from resting value or HR is less than 40 bpm