CH 41 WB EX 1-3,5-7 Flashcards
the absence of menstruation
amenorrhea
position of the uterus when the uterine fundus bends forward toward the cervix
anteflexed
position of the uterus when the uterus is tipped slightly forward so that the cervix forms a 90-degree or smaller angle with the vaginal canal; most common uterine position
anteverted
a broad fold of peritoneum draped over the fallopian tubes, uterus, and ovaries; extends from the sides of the uterus to the sidewalls of the pelvis, dividing the pelvis from side to side and creating the vesicouterine pouch anterior to the uterus and the rectouterine pouch posteriorly; it is divided into the mesometrium, mesosalpinx, and mesovarium
broad ligament
wide band of fibromuscular tissue arising from the lateral aspects of the cervix and inserting along the lateral pelvic floor; a continuation of the broad ligament that provides rigid support for the cervix; also called the transverse cervical ligaments
cardinal ligament
one of two muscles in the pelvic diaphragm; located on the posterior pelvic floor, where it supports the coccyx
coccygeus muscles
an anatomic structure on the surface of the ovary, consisting of a spheroid of yellowish tissue that grows within the ruptured ovarian follicle after ovulation; acts as a short-lived endocrine organ that secretes progesterone to maintain the decidual layer of the endometrium should conception occur
corpus luteum
pain associated with menstruation
dysmenorrhea
a steroidal hormone secreted by the theca interna and granulosa cells of the ovarian follicle that stimulates the development of female reproductive structures and secondary sexual characteristics; promotes the growth of endometrial tissue during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle
estrogen
portion of the pelvis found above the brim; that portion of the abdominal cavity cradled by the iliac fossae; also called the greater or major pelvis
false pelvis
a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the growth and maturation of graafian follicles in the ovary
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
a hormonal substance that stimulates the function of the testes and the ovaries; in the female, FSH and LH are gonadotropins
gonadotropin
a hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) by the anterior pituitary gland
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
paired triangular, flat muscles that cover the inner curved surface of the iliac fossae; they arise from the iliac fossae and join the psoas major muscles to form the lateral walls of the pelvis
iliacus muscles
a bony ridge on the inner surface of the ilium and pubic bones that divides the true and false pelvis; also called the pelvic brim or linea terminalis
iliopectineal line
one of two muscles of the pelvic diaphragm that stretch across the floor of the pelvic cavity like a hammock, supporting the pelvic organs and surrounding the urethra, vagina, and rectum; a broad, thin muscle that consists of the pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus, and puborectalis
levator ani
a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates ovulation and then induces luteinization of the ruptured follicle to form the corpus luteum
luteinizing hormone (LH)
the onset of menstruation and the commencement of cyclic menstrual function; usually occurs between 11 and 13 years of age
menarche
the cessation of menstruation
menopause
abnormally heavy or long periods
menorrhagia
the periodic flow of blood and cellular debris that occurs during menstruation
menses
mesosalpinx
the upper portion of the broad ligament that encloses the fallopian tubes
the upper portion of the broad ligament that encloses the fallopian tubes
mesosalpinx
the posterior portion of the broad ligament that is drawn out to enclose and hold the ovary in place
mesovarium
a triangular sheet of muscle that arises from the anterolateral pelvic wall and surrounds the obturator foramen, passes through the lesser sciatic foramen and inserts into the medial aspect of the greater trochanter of the femur, and serves to rotate and abduct the thigh
obturator internus muscle
abnormally light menstrual periods
oligomenorrhea
an incompletely developed or immature ovum
oocyte
a paired ligament that extends from the inferior/medial pole of the ovary to the uterine cornua; also called the utero-ovarian ligament
ovarian ligament
the female egg; a secondary oocyte released from the ovary at ovulation
ovum
a serous membrane enveloping the uterus; also called the serosa
perimetrium
a flat, pyramidal muscle arising from the anterior sacrum, passing through the greater sciatic notch to insert into the superior aspect of the greater trochanter of the femur; serves to rotate and abduct the thigh
piriformis muscle
an abnormally frequent recurrence of the menstrual cycle; a menstrual cycle of less than 21 days
polymenorrhea
time period in young girls before the onset of menstruation
premenarche
a steroidal hormone produced by the corpus luteum that helps prepare and maintain the endometrium for the arrival and implantation of an embryo
progesterone
paired muscles that originate at the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae and extend inferiorly through the false pelvis on the pelvic sidewall, where they unite with the iliacus muscle to form the iliopsoas muscle before inserting into the lesser trochanter of the femur; serves to flex the thigh toward the pelvis
psoas major muscle
area in the pelvic cavity between the rectum and the uterus that is likely to accumulate free fluid; also known as the posterior cul-de-sac and the pouch of Douglas
rectouterine recess (pouch)
position of the uterus when the uterine fundus bends posteriorly upon the cervix
retroflexed
position of the uterus when the entire uterus is tipped posteriorly so that the angle formed between the cervix and the vaginal canal is greater than 90 degrees
retroverted
paired ligaments that originate at the uterine cornua, anterior to the fallopian tubes, and course anterolaterally within the broad ligament to insert into the fascia of the labia majora; hold the uterus forward in its anteverted position
round ligaments
located between the anterior bladder wall and the pubic symphysis; contains extraperitoneal fat
space of Retzius
parallel longitudinal lines commonly seen in muscle tissue when imaged sonographically; appear as hyperechoic parallel lines running in the long axis of the hypoechoic muscle tissue
striations
paired ligaments that extend from the infundibulum of the fallopian tube and the lateral aspect of the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall; also called the infundibulopelvic ligament
suspensory (infundibulopelvic) ligament
pelvic cavity found below the brim of the pelvis; also called the minor or lesser pelvis
true pelvis
posterior portion of the cardinal ligament that extends from the cervix to the sacrum
uterosacral ligaments
area in the pelvic cavity between the urinary bladder and the uterus; also known as the anterior cul-de-sac
vesicouterine recess (pouch)
vesicouterine
the anterior culd-de-sace, or __________ pouch, is located anterior to the fundus of the uterus betweenthe urinary bladder and the uterus.
rectouterine
the posterior cul-de-sac, or ___________pouch, is located posterior to the uterus between the uterus and the rectum.
Douglas
the rectouterine pouch is often referred to as the pouch of _________ and is normally the most inferior and most posterior region of the peritoneal cavity.
Retzius
an additional sonographically significant area is the retropubic space, which is also called the space of ________.
anterior
the retropubic space normally can be identified between the _______ bladder wall and the pubic symphysis.
posteriorly
the retropubic space normally contains subcutaneous fat, but a hematoma or abscess in this location may displace the urinary bladder __________.
ovulation
the greatest quanitity of free fluid in the cul-de-sace normally occurs following _________ when the mature follicle ruptures.
28
the average menstrual cycle is approx. _____ days in length, beginning with the first day of menstrual bleeding.
hypothalamus
the menstrual cycle is regulated by the ________ and is dependent upon the cyclic release of estrogen and progesterone from the ovaries.
ovum
during the menarchal years, a(n) _______ is released once a month by one of the two ovaries in a process known as ovulation.
14
ovulation normally occurs midcycle on about day ____ of a 28-day cycle.
FSH
secretion of _____ by the anterior pituitary gland causes the ovarian follicles to develop during the first half of the menstrual cycle.
follicular
this phase of the ovulatory cycle, known as the _________ phase, begins with the first day of the menstrual bleeding and continues until ovulation on day 14.
luteinizing
the _________ hormone level will typically increase raoidly 24-36 hrs before ovulation in a process known as the “LH surge”.
luteal
cells int the lining of the ruptured ovarian follicle begin to multiply and create the corpus luteum, or “yellow body, during the _______ phase.
proliferative
the phase of endometrial regeneration is called the _________ phase and will last until luteinization of the Graafian follicle around ovulation. (think* 3 line sign)
secretory
the endometrial phase after ovulation is referred to as the ______ phase and extends from approx. day 15 to the onset of menses (day 28), This phase of the endometrial cycle corresponds to the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle.
transabdominal
the approach that requires a full bladder for use as an “acoustic window” and typically necessitates the use of a 3.5-5MHz transducer for adequate penetration is the _________ approach.
transvaginal
a ____________ examination is perfomed with an empty bladder and allows the use of a higher frequency transducer, typically 7.5-10MHz.
wider
transabdominal scan offers a _________ field of view for a general screening of the pelvic anatomy.
distended
when a transabdominal technique is used, a _________ bladder is essential.
labia, majora, minora
the ______ are folds of skin at the opening of the vagina; the labia ________ is the thicker external folds, and the ______ consists of thin folds of skin between the labia majora.
innominate, sacrum, coccyx
the _________ bones make up the anterior and lateral margins of the bony pelvis; the ________ and ________ form the posterior wall.
piriformis, coccygeus
the margins of the posterolateral wall of the true pelvis are formed by the __________ and _________ muscles.
obturator internus
the anterolateral walls of the pelvic cavity are formed by the hips bones and the ____________ muscles that rim the ischium and pubis.
levator ani, coccygeus
the lower margin of the pelvic cavity, the pelvic floor, is formed by the _________ and ________ muscles and is known as the pelvic diaphragm.
perineum
the area below the pelvic floor is the _________.
psoas, iliacus
the muscles of the false pelvis include the _______ major and _______ muscles.
puborectalis
the muscles that arise from the lower part of the pubic symphysis and surround the lower poart of the rectum, forming a sling, are the _________ muscles.
vagina
a collapsed muscular tube that extends from the external gentalia to the cervix of the uterus is the ________.
posterior, anterior
the cervix lies _______ to the urinary bladder and urethra, and _______ to the rectum and anus.
uterus
the largest organ in the normal female pelvis when the urinary bladder is empty is the ________.
cornua
at the lateral borders of the uterine fundus are the ______, where the fallopian tubes enter the uterine cavity.
internal, external
the cerrvix is constricted aa its upper end by the ______ os and at its lower end by the _______ os.
isthmus
the point where the uterus bends anteriorly (anteversion) or posteriorly (retroversion) with an empty bladder is the _________.
perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
the uterines wall consists of three histologic layers: the __________, the __________, and the __________.
functionalis, basalis
the endometrium consists primarily of two layers: the superficial functional layer (zona _____ ) and the deep basal layer (zona _____ ).
broad, round, uterosacral, cardinal
the uterus is supported in its midline position by paired _________ ligaments, _______ ligaments, __________ ligaments, and ________ ligaments.
anteverted, anteflexed
the average uterine position is considered to be ______ and ______.
fallopian tubes
the __________ are contained in the upper margin of the broad ligament and extend from the uterine cornua of the uterus laterally where they curve over the ovary.
infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, interstitial
the fallopian tubes are divided into four anatomic portions: the _______ (lateral seg.), ________ (middle seg.), ________ (med. seg.), and _________ portions (seg. that passes thru uterine cornua).
infundibulum
the ________ is often referred to as the fimbriated end of the fallopian tube because it contains fringelike extensions, called fimbriae, which move over the ovary directiong the ovum into the fallopian tube after ovulation.
medial, anterior
the ovaries are usually located ______ to the external ilaic vessels, and _______ to the internal iliac vessels and ureter.
tunica albuginea
the cortex of the ovary consists primarily of follicles in varying stages of development and is covered by a layer of dense connective tissue, the _____________.
medulla
the central _______ (of the ovary) is composed of connective tissue containg blood, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and some smooth muscle at the region of the hilum.
estrogen, progesterone
the ovaries produce the reproductive cell, the ovum, and two known hormones: ________, secreted by the follicles, and _______, secreted by the corpus luteum.
iliac
the common ______ arteries course anteriorly and medial to the psoas muscles, providing blood to the pelvic cavity and lower extremeties.
internal
the _______ iliac arteries extend into the pelvic cavity along the posterior wall and provide multiple branches that perfuse the pelvic structures to include the urinary bladder, uterus, vagina and rectum.
radial
the _______ arteries extend thru the myometrium to the base of the endometrium, where straight and spiral arteries branch off the radial arteries to supply the zona basalis of the endometrium.
spiral
the ______ arteries will lengthen during the regeneration of the endometrium after meses to traverse the endometrium and supply the zona functionalis.
“e” for estrogen…think…
…think “f” for follicle (a b c d E F) alphabetical order, e near f!!!
“p” for progesterone…think…
…think “L” for luteum ( L m n o P) alphabetical order, l near p!!!
