Ch. 41 Gastrointestinal dysfunction Flashcards
Define isotonic dehydration
Electrolyte and water losses are equal
Which type of dehydration results from water loss in excess of electrolyte loss
Hypersonic dehydration
Define hypotonic dehydration
Occurs when the electrolyte deficit exceeds the water deficit
What is the viral pathogen that is frequently associated with diarrhea
Rotovirus
What is the earliest detectable sign of dehydration
Tachycardia
How can metabolic acidosis occur due to prolonged dehydration
When fluid losses exceed the ability of the body to sustain blood volume, blood pressure falls, resulting in tissue hypoxic w/accumulation of lactic acid, and other acid metabolites
With diarrhea, neutrophils and RBC’s in the stool indicate
Bacterial gastroenteritis or IBD
With diarrhea, eosinophils in the stool suggest
Protein intolerance or parasitic infection
What is the initial treatment for children with acute diarrhea and dehydration
Oral dehydration solution
For a child who has severe dehydration w/acute diarrhea and vomiting what should be the initial treatment
IV fluids
What are some common drugs are associated with causing constipation
Antacids, diuretics, antiepileptic, antihistamines, opioids, iron supplement
What is hirschsprung disease
Congenital anomaly that results in mechanical obstruction from inadequate motility of part of the intestine.
Absence of ganglion cells
What is the treatment for hirschsprung disease
Surgical removal of affected section
What are the clinical manifestations on an infant is suspected of having hirschsprung disease
Distended abdomen, feeding intolerance, billions vomiting, delay in passage of Meconium
Define what GERD is
Transfer of gastric contents into the esophagus
Abdominal pain that is most intense at McBurney’s point suggest
Acute appendicitis
What is a early sing of peritonitis
Sudden relief from pain after perforation
What is the inflammatory bowel disease that is limited to the colon and rectum
Ulcerative colitis
What is the inflammatory bowel disease that involves any part of the GI tract (mouth to angus)
Chrons disease
Which drug is used to treat moderate to sever inflammatory bowel disease
Corticosteroids (prednisone)
These inhibit production of adhesion molecules cytokines and leukotrienes
The best chance of survival for a child with cirrhosis is
Liver transplantation
What is biliary atresia
Progressive inflammatory process that cause both intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile duct fibrosis, resulting in obstruction
What is the earliest clinical manifestations of biliary atresia
jaundice
Describe esophageal Artesia and tracheoesophageal fistula
Failure of the esophagus to develop as a continuous passage and failure of the trachea and esophagus to separate into distinct structures
What is a hernia
Protrusion of a a portion of an organ or organs through an abnormal opening
Describe what pyloric stenosis is
Occurs when the muscle of the pylori sphincter becomes thickens, resulting in narrowing of pylori channel
What are the major characteristics of pyloric stenosis
Projectile nonbilious vomiting, dehydration, metabolic alkaloids, visible peristalsis and weight loss
Describe what intussusception is
Proximal segment of the bowel invaginates into the distal segment, pulling mesentery with it
Which description of a stool is a characteristic of intussusception
Currant jelly stools
Is it ok to give antidiarrheals for acute diarrhea
No, they are not recommended for the treatment of acute infectious diarrhea
Is there a vaccine for Hep A
No
Can Hep B be transferred to an infant of a breastfeeding mother
Yes
Acute diarrhea is often caused by
Antibiotic therapy
What is the parasite that causes acute diarrhea
Giardia lambia
If a pt is suspected to have tracheosophageal fistful, what position and feeding guidelines need to be inforced
Elevate head of bed and giving nothing by mouth
If a child who is suspected to having intussusception passes a normal stool what is the first course of action the nurse should take
Notify physician, this indicates the intussusception has reduced itself
If a nasogastric tube fails to pass at birth, this may indicate
Esophageal Artesia
