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BIO 202 - Principles of Zoology > ch. 40 > Flashcards

ch. 40 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the three functions of the circulatory system?

A
  1. transportation
  2. regulation
  3. protection
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2
Q

what does the CS transport?

A

nutrients, glucose, and metabolic waste

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3
Q

what does the CS regulate?

A

hormones and temperature

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4
Q

how does the CS act as protection?

A

injury and clotting; pathogens and WBCs

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5
Q

what is the circulatory fluid in sponges and hydra?

A

water

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6
Q

what are characteristics of a fish CS?

A
  • 2 chambers
  • efficient gills
  • systemic loop only
  • low blood pressure
  • electrical impulse
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7
Q

what kind of CS do fishes have?

A

closed

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8
Q

what are characteristics of an earthworm’s CS?

A
  • completely separate circulatory fluid
  • blood enclosed in vessels
  • (oxygenated) heart —> arteries —> tissues
  • (deoxygenated) tissues —> veins —> heart
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9
Q

what are the characteristics of an amphibian’s CS?

A
  • 3 chambers
  • double circulation (systemic, pulmonary, and cutaneous)
  • blood mixture (nearly complete)
  • electrical impulse
  • metabolism?
  • temp regulation?
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10
Q

what are the characteristics of a non-crocodilian reptiles CS?

A
  • 3 chambers
  • partial septum
  • double circulation (systemic, pulmonary)
  • blood mixing (nearly separate)
  • metabolism?
  • temp reg?
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11
Q

what are the characteristics of crocs, birds, and mammals CS?

A
  • 4 chambers
  • complete blood separation
  • no blood mixing
  • double loop (systemic, pulmonary)
  • sinoatrial node
  • metabolism?
  • temp reg?
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12
Q

what does the atria do in the mammalian heart?

A

collects blood that is returning to the heart; is stretchy

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13
Q

what do the atrioventricular valves do in the mammalian heart?

A

connects the atria to the ventricle

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14
Q

what are the two atrioventricular valves? what do they connect?

A
  • tricuspid (right atria to right ventricle)
  • mitral (left atria to left ventricle)
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15
Q

what is the function of the ventricles?

A

contractions, moving blood away from the heart

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16
Q

what do the semilunar valves connect?

A

ventricles to vessels

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17
Q

what are the two types of semilunar valves and what do they connect?

A
  • pulmonary (right ventricle to pulmonary artery)
  • aortic (left ventricle to aorta)
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18
Q

when the heart contracts, what do the right and left atria receive blood from?

A

right- body
left- lungs

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19
Q

what happens when a sinoatrial node (SA nodes) fires?

A
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20
Q

what happens with an atrioventricular node fires?

A

impulses down myoseptum and causes ventricles to contract

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21
Q

what is a p-wave in an electrocardiogram?

A
  • activation of the atria
  • an atrial contraction / atrial depolarization
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22
Q

what is a t-wave in an EKG?

A
  • recovery wave
  • ventricular relaxation / repolarization
  • distole (80 mmHg)
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23
Q

what is the QRS complex in an EKG?

A
  • activation of the ventricles
  • ventricular contraction / depolarization
  • systole (120 mmHg)
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24
Q

increase in heart rate?

A

cardioaccelerator, norepinephrine, sympathetic

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25
Q

decrease in heart rate?

A

cardioinhibitor, acetylcholine, parasympathetic

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26
Q

what are baroreceptors?

A

aortic arch and carotid arteries

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27
Q

what do baroreceptors do?

A

sense contractions or expansions of blood vessels and low or high blood pressure

28
Q

what happens if a baroreceptor senses high BP?

A

cardiac center of medulla increases frequency of impulses —> decreases sympathetic, increases parasympathetic—> decrease heart rate, stoke volume, vasodilation

29
Q

what are the components of blood?

A

55% plasma, buffy coat, 45% hematocrit

30
Q

what is plasma made up of?

A

95% water

31
Q

what does blood plasma transport?

A

• Nutrients
• CO2 (25%)
• Nitrogenous waste
• Cholesterol
• Ions
• Hormones
• Proteins (Albumin)

32
Q

what does erythropoietin do?

A

stimulates RBC production (in bone marrow)

33
Q

what are RBCs?

A

– “erythrocytes”
– Hemoglobin w/Fe2+

34
Q

what do RBCs transport?

A

O2 and CO2 (75%)

35
Q

what is anemia caused by?

A

• Low Fe2+ , Genetic
• Vitamin B, Hemolytic

36
Q

what are WBCs?

A

“leukocytes”, part of the Immune system, Defense component

37
Q

what are platelets?

A

cellular fragments, megakaryocytes

38
Q

what do platelets do?

A

initiate clotting

39
Q

what do platelets adhere to?

A

exposed collagen

40
Q

what two inactive proteins are activated by clotting factors?

A
  • prothrombin to thrombin
  • fibrinogen to fibrin
41
Q

what are characteristics of arteries?

A
  • more elastic laters
  • thicker smooth muscles
  • thinner connective tissue
  • arteries to arterioles
42
Q

what are characteristics of veins?

A
  • few elastic layers
  • thin smooth muscle
  • thicker connective tissue
  • veins to venules
43
Q

what are characteristics of capillaries?

A
  • 1 cell thick
  • 1 mm length
  • used for exchange and absorption
  • greatest cross-sectional area
44
Q

what is vasoconstriction?

A

narrowing of a blood vessel

45
Q

what is vasodilation?

A

widening of a blood vessel

46
Q

what is the purpose of vasoconstriction and vasodilation?

A

to regulate body heat

47
Q

what does vasodilation do?

A

increase in heat loss across epidermis

48
Q

what does vasoconstriction do?

A

increase in heat loss across epidermis

49
Q

what are varicose veins?

A

veins that become enlarged because the valves no longer close properly, allowing blood to flow backward

50
Q

where are varicose veins most commonly found?

A

the legs

51
Q

how are veins different from arteries (structure)?

A

less muscle and more flexible

52
Q

what is atherosclerosis?

A

cardiovascular disease
causes:
- high BP
- high cholesterol
- plaque formation
- vessel blockage
treatment:
- bypass surgery

53
Q

what causes strokes and what do strokes cause?

A

blood to the brain is blocked; partial paralysis of body

54
Q

what are myocardial infarctions?

A
  • coronary arteries are blocked
  • myocardial cells die
  • 20% of all deaths in US
55
Q

what is an aneurysm?

A

high blood pressure where ballooned arteries rupture

56
Q

grass hopper CS

A
  • open CS
  • no distinction btwn body fluids and circ fluids
  • uses a hemolyph (cavity were combined fluids are)
  • heart —> fluid —> channels and cavities —> drains back to heart
57
Q

what is the heart rate controlled by?

A

the SA node and autonomic nervous system

58
Q

what happens with the ventricles during contraction of the heart?

A
  • they contract (systol)
  • atrioventricular valves forcibly close
  • pressure up, semilunar valves open
  • blood —> vessels
  • relaxation
  • semilunar valves close
59
Q

what happens with the atria during contraction of the heart?

A
  • pressure up, atrioventricular valves open
  • blood —> ventricles (80%)
  • atria contracts (20%)
  • fills relaxed ventricles (diastole)
60
Q

what does systole mean?

A

contraction phase of cardiac cycle when the ventricles are pumping blood into the arteries

61
Q

what is diastole?

A

relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart is relaxed and the ventricles are filling with blood

62
Q

what is it called when there is no stimulus to the heart?

A

heart at rest / diastole

63
Q

what is another name for a ventricular contraction?

A

systole

64
Q

what happens when sinoatrial nodes fire?

A
  • APs spread through atria
  • atria contract
  • APs spread to AV-node
65
Q

what does venous mean?

A

PCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the veins (40 mm Hg in the pulmonary veins)

PO2: partial pressure of oxygen in the veins (100 mm Hg in the pulmonary veins)

BIO 202 - Principles of Zoology (12 decks)

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