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BIO 202 - Principles of Zoology > ch. 35 > Flashcards

ch. 35 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a neuron?

A

“nerve cell”; specialized cell that can receive and transmit electrical and chemical signals (nerve impulses)

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2
Q

what is a sensory neuron?

A

“afferent neurons”; sensory cells of the CNS

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3
Q

what is the sensory-somatic nervous system?

A

system of sensory and motor nerves

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4
Q

what are motor neurons?

A

“efferent neurons” ; motor effectors of the CNS (ex: muscle cell)

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5
Q

what is the purpose of interneurons?

A

to transmit signals between other neurons

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6
Q

what are unipolar neurons?

A

have one structure that extends away from the soma; only found in insects

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7
Q

what are bipolar neurons?

A

has one axon and one dendrite extending from the soma; ex: retinal cells

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8
Q

what are multipolar neurons?

A

the most common type of neuron; contains one axon and multiple dendrites; can be found in the CNS; ex: purkinji cells

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9
Q

what do retinal cells do?

A

receives signals from photoreceptor cells that are sensitive to light and transmits these signals to ganglion cells that carry the signal to the brain (bipolar neurons)

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10
Q

what are purkinji cells?

A

multipolar; in the cerebellum; has many branching dendrites but only one axon

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11
Q

what are pseudounipolar neurons?

A

has a single process that extends from the soma but this process later branches into two distinct structures; most sensory neurons; have an axon that branches into two extensions: one connected to dendrites that receive sensory information and another that transmits this information to the spinal cord

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12
Q

what is the function of dendrites?

A

receives info

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13
Q

what is the function of the cell body of a neuron?

A

produce neurotransmitters

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14
Q

what is the function of an axon?

A

transmit info

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15
Q

what is the function of synaptic terminals?

A

release neurotransmitters

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16
Q

what is the function of the myelin sheath?

A

insulate transmission (speed)

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17
Q

what is the function of the nodes of ranview?

A

impulse conduction (speed)

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18
Q

what are photo receptors responsible for?

A

vision

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19
Q

what are mechano receptors responsible for?

A

tactile and auditory

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20
Q

what are chemo receptors responsible for?

A

olfactory, gustatory, and pH, O2, and glucose

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21
Q

what are baro receptors responsible for?

A

blood pressure

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22
Q

what are schwann cells?

A

glial cell that creates myelin sheath around a PNS neuron axon; myelinated one neuron

23
Q

what are oligodendrocytes?

A

glial cell that myelinates CNS neuron axons; myelinate multiple neurons

24
Q

what are astrocytes?

A

glial cell in the central nervous system that provide nutrients, extracellular buffering, and structural support for neurons; also makes up the blood-brain barrier (w/ capillaries and neurons; nourish and regulate ions; structural support of synapse

25
Q

what are microglia?

A

glia that scavenge and degrade dead cells and protect the brain from invading microorganisms (CNS)

26
Q

what are satellite glia?

A

glial cell that provides nutrients and structural support for neurons in the PNS

27
Q

what are radial glia?

A

glia that serve as scaffolds for developing neurons as they migrate to their final destinations (guides them)

28
Q

what is an ependymal?

A

cell that lines fluid-filled ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord; involved in production of cerebrospinal fluid and maintains homeostasis; clears out waste

29
Q

what is the resting potential of a neuron?

A

-70 mV

30
Q

what electrochemical gradients do?

A

move ions from high to low concentration (def: a combined electrical and chemical force that produces a gradient)

31
Q

what is resting potential linked to?

A

K+ permeability; the difference in the number of positively charged potassium ions (K+) inside and outside the cell

32
Q

what are voltage-gated ion channels?

A

Ion channels that change their structure in response to voltage changes; they regulate the relative concentrations of different ions inside and outside the cell

33
Q

when regarding action potentials, what is a small stimulus?

A

when NA+ leaks in, slight depolarization, no small stimulus causes a failed initiation

34
Q

when regarding action potentials, what is a strong stimulus?

A

NA+ leaks in, the threshold is reached, successful initiation

35
Q

acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter released by neurons in the CNS and PNS

36
Q

action potential

A

self-propagating momentary change in the electrical potential of a neuron membrane

37
Q

alzheimer’s disease

A

neurodegenerative disorder characterized by problems with memory and thinking

38
Q

amygdala

A

structure within the lambic system that processes fear

39
Q

arachnoid matter

A

spiderweb-like middle layer of the meninges that cover the CNS

40
Q

astrocyte

A

glial cell in the CNS that provides nutrients, extracellular buffering, and structural support for neurons; also makes up the blood-brain barrier

41
Q

ADHD

A

neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulty maintaining attention and controlling impulses

42
Q

autism spectrum disorder

A

neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction and communication abilities

43
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

part of the PNS that controls bodily functions

44
Q

axon

A

tube-like structure that propagates a signal from a neuron’s cell body to axon terminals

45
Q

basal ganglia

A

interconnected collections of cells in the brain that are involved in movement and motivation; also known as basal nuclei

46
Q

brainstem

A

portion of the brain that connects with the spinal cord; controls basic nervous system functions like breathing, heart rate, and swallowing

47
Q

cerebellum

A

brain structure involved in posture, motor coordination, and learning new motor actions

48
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outermost sheet of brain tissue; involved in many higher-order functions

49
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

clear liquid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord and fills the ventricles and central canal; acts as a shock absorber and circulates material throughout the brain and spinal cord

50
Q

choroid plexus

A

spongy tissue within ventricles that produces cerebrospinal fluid

51
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

helps regulate emotions and pain; through to directly drive the body;s conscious response to unpleasant experiences

52
Q

corpus callous

A

thick fibers bundle that connects the cerebral hemispheres

53
Q

cranial nerve

A

sensory and/or motor nerve that emanates from the brain

BIO 202 - Principles of Zoology (12 decks)

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