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BIO 202 - Principles of Zoology > ch. 39 > Flashcards

ch. 39 Flashcards

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1
Q

is ATP needed for passive diffusion?

A

no

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2
Q

what is passive diffusion?

A

diffusion across membranes of O2 and CO2 from high to low concentration

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3
Q

what is needed for respiratory surfaces? what are they surrounded by?

A

moisture; a thin layer of water

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4
Q

what is fricks law of diffusion?

A

diffusion rate = diffusion coefficient * surface area * pressure difference / diffusion difference

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5
Q

what are the three best ways to optimize diffusion rate?

A
  1. increase surface area
  2. decrease diffusion distance
  3. increase concentration difference
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6
Q

what is the order of organisms in least to most complexity of gas exchange systems?

A

single cell organisms —> amphibians —> echinoderms —> insects —> fish —> mammals

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7
Q

what are gills?

A

specialized tissues projecting into water for O2 exchange

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8
Q

what animals have external gills?

A

some fishes and some amphibians

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9
Q

what is the disadvantage of external gills?

A

they are vulnerable

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10
Q

what are the two types of internal gills?

A

branchial and opercular

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11
Q

what is the advantage of internal gills?

A

they are protected

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12
Q

what is ram ventilation?

A

when an organism swims with their mouth open to force water over gills (constantly need to swim)

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13
Q

what is a buccal-opercular pump?

A

expansion and contraction of the mouth cavity powers breathing, promoting movement of either water or air into the gills or lungs

buccal open and opercular closed —> buccal fills —> buccal closed and opercular open —> water flows over gills in one direction

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14
Q

what animals use cutaneous respiration?

A

mostly amphibians; some fishes and sea snakes

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15
Q

what is used for cutaneous respiration?

A

highly vascularized skin with dense capillaries close to the surface

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16
Q

what is important about cutaneous respiration?

A

obligatory and facultative

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17
Q

what animals have a tracheal system?

A

arthropods

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18
Q

what are spiracles?

A

openings in the skin that may open/close that connect to a tubular network for respiration

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19
Q

what does the tracheal system consist of?

A

spiracles, trachea, and tracheoles

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20
Q

what is the tracheal system?

A

a network of small tubes that carries oxygen to the entire body

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21
Q

why were gills replaced by paired lungs?

A
  1. gravity and lack of support
  2. water loss though thin tissue
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22
Q

how do paired lungs minimize evaporation?

A
  • transport air internally via tubes
  • saturate inspired air with moisture
  • they have a thin fluid layer and membrane
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23
Q

what is the process of positive pressure breathing?

A

air is taken first into the mouth through the nostrils, and then pushed by positive pressure into the lungs by elevating the throat and closing the nostrils

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24
Q

what animals use positive pressure breathing?

A

amphibians

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25
Q

what is the buccal cavity?

A

the oral cavity

26
Q

what is the gas exchange process of positive pressure breathing?

A

Nostrils open:
• Buccal cavity
• Drop buccal floor
• Air comes in

– Nostrils close:
• Raise buccal floor
• Force air into lungs

27
Q

what can positive pressure breathing be augmented with?

A

cutaneous

28
Q

what animals use negative pressure breathing?

A

reptiles and mammals

29
Q

what has a higher surface are, negative or positive pressure breathing?

A

negative

30
Q

what is used in negative pressure breathing?

A

the thoracic cavity and muscle action

31
Q

what are characteristics of air sacs?

A

they hold air but perform no exchange; complete respiration

32
Q

what are parabronchi?

A

gas exchange center in avian lungs that have a two-breath cycle

33
Q

what are characteristics of avian lungs?

A

1-way movement, only fresh air, very efficient, high metabolic rate

34
Q

what are conduction structures in the mammalian respiratory system?

A

they move air and perform no exchange

includes:
- nose
- pharynx
- larynx and trachea
- bronchi
- bronchioles

additional roles
- filter air
- warm air
- communication

35
Q

what is the function of alveoli?

A

gas exchange center

36
Q

what are structural characteristics of alveoli?

A
  • high surface area (80 m^2)
  • two cells thick
  • very sensitive
37
Q

describe inhalation

A
  • external intercostal and diaphragm contract
  • thoracic volume increases and pressure decreases
  • creates negative pressure
  • air passes into the lung due to the difference in pressure
  • thorax and lungs —> elastic tension
38
Q

describe exhalation

A
  • external intercostal and diaphragm relax
  • elastic tension is released (volume decreases and pressure increases)
  • non-forced inhalation
  • abdominal muscles may forcible contract
  • produce greater exhalation
39
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

the volume of air inhaled in a single, normal breath

40
Q

what is the average tidal volume at rest for a human?

A

500 mL

41
Q

what drives breathing rate?

A

CO2 pressure

42
Q

what is hypoventilation?

A

increase in CO2 pressure

43
Q

what is hyperventilation?

A

decrease in CO2 pressure

44
Q

what does the respiratory control center initiate when you are holding your breath?

A

– Blood PCO2 ↑
– Blood PO2 ↓
– Blood H2CO3 ↑
– Blood pH (H +) ↓
– Chemoreceptors stimulated
– Impulse to RCC
– RCC impulse to EI & Diaphragm
– Involuntary inhalation occurs

45
Q

what factors affect respiratory pigments?

A
  • pigment type
  • temperature
  • pH
  • CO2
  • loading vs unloading
46
Q

what is binding affinity?

A

the ability to hold O2 (P50 = 50% saturation)

47
Q

what is hemoglobin (Hgl)?

A
  • found in RBCs
  • 4 heme groups
  • 4 Fe atoms
  • oxyhemoglobin
  • deoxyhemoglobin
  • each hemoglobin can bind 4 O molecules
48
Q

what is a heme group?

A

centralized iron-containing group that is surrounded by the alpha and beta subunits of hemoglobin

49
Q

what is myoglobin?

A
  • protein found in muscles
  • one Fe atom
  • high binding affinity
  • found in marine animals
50
Q

what is alveolar gas?

A

PO2: partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli (105 mmHg)
PCO2: 40 mmHg

51
Q

what is the partial pressure in arterial blood?

A

PO2: 100 mmHg
PCO2: 40 mmHg

52
Q

how is CO2 transferred in the respiratory system?

A

CO2 binds to proteins in Hgl
- carbonic anhydrase converts CO2 to H2CO3 and removes from the plasma
- decrease in affinity for O2

53
Q

what organs do URIs affect?

A

nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx

54
Q

what are examples of URIs?

A

Sinusitis, Laryngitis, Tonsillitis, Flu, Common cold, Epstein-Bar, Pertussis, & Step throat

55
Q

what organs do lower respiratory infections affect?

A

bronchus, bronchioles, and lungs

56
Q

what are examples of LRIs?

A

bronchitis, pneumonia, and tuberculosis
(can be viral or bacterial)

57
Q

what are chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases?

A

Long-term obstruction of air ways (ex: Chronic bronchitis, Asthma, and Emphysema)

58
Q

what is asthma?

A
  • inflammation is triggered by environmental factors; Inflammation obstructs the airways
  • genetic and environmental
  • allergens and histamines
  • treatment: dialators/anti-inflammatory
59
Q

what is emphysema?

A
  • mostly arises from smoking (90%)
  • walls of alveoli are destroyed, decreasing surface for gas exchange
  • lose elasticity
  • lungs become fibrotic
60
Q

what is black lung?

A

– Pneumoconiosis
– Coal miners
– Coal dust
• Repeated exposure
• Inflammation
• Causes scarring
– Not genetic
– leads to difficulty talking

61
Q

what is lung cancer?

A
  • majority of cancer deaths
  • originates in bronchi
  • metastasizes quickly
  • 3% survival after metastasis
  • chronic cough with blood
62
Q

what are the types of lung cancer and their causes?

A

– Small cell Lung Cancer
• Smoking & air pollution
• 10 – 15% of all cases
– Non-Small cell Lung Cancer
• 80% of all cancer
• 85 – 90% of all cases
– Mesothelioma
• Asbestos exposure
• Pleura of lung

BIO 202 - Principles of Zoology (12 decks)

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