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BIO 202 - Principles of Zoology > ch. 34 > Flashcards

ch. 34 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are herbivores?

A

plant eaters

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2
Q

what are carnivores?

A

meat eaters

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3
Q

what are omnivores?

A

plant and meat animals

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4
Q

what is a gastrovascular cavity?

A

a type of digestive system that consists of a single opening

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5
Q

what are some examples of phylums that have a gastrovascular cavity?

A
  • Cnidarians
  • Platyhelminthes
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6
Q

what is an alimentary canal?

A

a tubular digestive system with a mouth and an anus

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7
Q

what is aminopeptidase? what is it secreted by?

A

protease that breaks down peptides to single amino acids; secreted by the brush border of small intestine

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8
Q

what is the anus?

A

the exit point for waste material

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9
Q

what is bile?

A

digestive juice important for the digestion of lipids

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10
Q

what organ produces bile?

A

the liver

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11
Q

what is a bolus?

A

a mass of food resulting from chewing action and wetting by saliva

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12
Q

what is caboxypeptidase? what is it secreted by?

A

a protease that breaks down peptides to single amino acids; secreted by the brush border of the small intestine

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13
Q

what is the cephalon phase?

A

the first phase of digestion, controlled by the neural response to the stimulus provided by food

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14
Q

what is cholecystokinin?

A

a hormone that stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder to release bile

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15
Q

what is chylomicron?

A

a small lipid globule

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16
Q

what is chyme?

A

a mixture of partially digested food and stomach juices

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17
Q

what is chymotrypsin?

A

pancreatic protease

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18
Q

what is digestion?

A

the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments

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19
Q

what is dipeptidase? what is it secreted by?

A

protease that breaks down peptides to single amino acids; secreted by the brush border of small intestine

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20
Q

what is the duodenum?

A

the first part of the small intestine

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21
Q

what does the duodenum digest?

A

carbohydrates and fats

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22
Q

what is elastase?

A

pancreatic protease

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23
Q

what does the endocrine system control?

A

the responses of various glands in the body and the release of hormones at appropriate times

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24
Q

what does the esophagus connect?

A

mouth to the stomach

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25
Q

what are essential nutrients?

A

nutrients that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from food

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26
Q

what does the gallbladder do?

A

stores and concentrates bile

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27
Q

what organ are gastric inhibitory peptides secreted by? when is it secreted?

A

the small intestine when its in the presence of fatty acids and sugars

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28
Q

what do gastric inhibitory peptides inhibit? why?

A

it inhibits acid production and peristalsis in order to slow down the rate at which food enters the small intestine

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29
Q

what happens during the gastric phase?

A

gastric acids and enzymes process the ingested materials

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30
Q

what begins the gastric phase?

A

food entering the stomach

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31
Q

what is gastrin?

A

hormone which stimulates hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach

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32
Q

what is a gastrovascular cavity?

A

digestive system consisting of a single opening

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33
Q

what is a gizzard?

A

muscular organ that grinds food

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34
Q

what is the ileum?

A

the last part of the small intestine

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35
Q

what is the purpose of the ileum?

A

connects the small intestine to the large intestine; important for the absorption of B-12

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36
Q

what is ingestion?

A

the act of taking in food

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37
Q

what begins the intestinal phase?

A

chyme entering the small intestine

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38
Q

what is the third digestive phase?

A

the intestinal phase

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39
Q

what happens during the intestinal phase?

A

chyme enters the small intestine triggering digestive secretions and controlling the rate of gastric emptying

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40
Q

what is the second part of the small intestine?

A

the jejunum

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41
Q

what does lipase break down?

A

lipids

42
Q

what does the liver produce? why?

A

produces bile for digestion

43
Q

what does the liver process?

A

vitamins and lipids

44
Q

what does maltase break down? into what?

A

breaks down maltose into glucose

45
Q

what is a mineral? what does it do?

A

inorganic, elemental molecule that carries out important roles in the body

46
Q

what does a monogastric digestive system consist of?

A

a single-chambered stomach

47
Q

what is the pancreas? what does it secrete?

A

a gland that secretes digestive juices

48
Q

what is pepsin? where is it found?

A

an enzyme found in the stomach

49
Q

what is the main role of pepsin?

A

protein digestion

50
Q

what is the inactive form of pepsin called?

A

pepsinogen

51
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

wave-like movements of muscle tissue

52
Q

what is the proventriculus?

A

glandular part of a bird’s stomach

53
Q

what is the purpose of the rectum?

A

where feces is stored until elimination

54
Q

what is roughage low in? what is it high in?

A

low in energy and high in fiber

55
Q

what is a ruminant?

A

animal with a stomach divided into four compartments

56
Q

what is salivary amylase?

A

an enzyme found in saliva

57
Q

what does salivary amylase convert? to what?

A

converts carbohydrates to maltose

58
Q

what does secretin stimulate? where?

A

stimulates sodium bicarbonate secretion in the small intestine

59
Q

what is digested in the small intestine?

A

protein, fats, and carbohydrates

60
Q

why is somatostatin released?

A

to stop acid secretion when the stomach is empty

61
Q

what is the sphincter? what does it control?

A

band of muscle that controls movement of materials throughout the digestive tract

62
Q

what does the stomach contain?

A

acidic digestive juices

63
Q

what does sucrose break down? into what?

A

sucrose into fructose and glucose

64
Q

what is trypsin? what does it break down?

A

pancreatic protease that breaks down protein

65
Q

what are villi? what is their role?

A

folds on the inner surface of the small intestine whose role is to increase absorption area

66
Q

what is a vitamin? why is it necessary?

A

organic substance necessary in small amounts to sustain life

67
Q

why is an incomplete digestive system inefficient?

A
  • because there is no way to distribute broken down nutrients to all the cells they need to reach; this means that all calls have to be in contact with where food is located
  • can’t departmentalize anything
68
Q

what does extracellular digestion mean?

A

absorbing things from outside the cell

69
Q

what are two examples of phylum’s that have incomplete digestive systems/a gastrovascular cavity?

A
  • cniderians
  • playthelminthes
70
Q

what type of digestive system is a gastrovascular cavity?

A

incomplete

71
Q

what type of digestive system is an alimentary canal?

A

complete

72
Q

how does the circulatory system work with the digestive system?

A

the DS breaks down foods so that the CS can absorb and transport them across the body

73
Q

where does most absorption happen during digestion?

A

the small intestine

74
Q

the small intestine absorbs nutrients directly into the blood to be transported. What is the exception to this? what system does this nutrient have to go through before being distributed?

A

fats because they have to go through the lymphatic system first; they are transported to the neck and then distributed across the body

75
Q

how many chambers does a bird stomach have?

A

two

76
Q

what does digestion break down? into what?

A

polymers into monomers

77
Q

what organ’s function is storage in birds?

A

the crop

78
Q

what do ruminants need for digestion?

A

bacterial symbioses

79
Q

what does the small intestine absorb? into where?

A

monomers into the blood stream

80
Q

what does the large intestine absorb?

A

water and minerals

81
Q

what is always involved in chemical digestion?

A

enzymes

82
Q

why are we supposed to have fiber in our diets?

A

even though we can’t digest it, it helps remove things we don’t want in our digestive system

83
Q

what is eliminated in feces/stool?

A
  • undigested food (most)
  • bacteria
  • dead cells
  • mucus
84
Q

what body parts does fragmentation consist of?

A

tongue, teeth, and mouth

85
Q

what does sublingual mean?

A

under tongue

86
Q

what organ is responsible for bile production?

A

the liver

87
Q

what is the largest internal organ?

A

the liver

88
Q

what organ is responsible for bile storage/concentration?

A

the gallbladder

89
Q

what organ is responsible for nutrient absorption?

A

the small intestine

90
Q

what are the three parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

91
Q

what part of the small intestine does the most nutrient absorption?

A

the ileum

92
Q

what organ is responsible for holding beneficial bacteria?

A

the appendix

93
Q

what is the main site of chemical digestion?

A

the stomach

94
Q

what are the two purposes of pancreatic juice?

A

enzyme and being a buffer to bring down pH from stomach (acidic to basic)

95
Q

what organ is responsible for water and mineral absorption?

A

the large intestine

96
Q

what are the three parts of the large intestine?

A

the transverse colon, descending colon, and ascending colon

97
Q

what organ is responsible for holding waste?

A

the rectum

98
Q

what organ is responsible for expelling waste?

A

the anus

99
Q

what enzyme does saliva contain?

A

amylase

100
Q

what does amylase break down? into what?

A

polysaccharides into maltose

BIO 202 - Principles of Zoology (12 decks)

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