Ch 4 Summary

Question 1

German scientists developed this in the 1940s

lightweight magnetized strands of ribbon that make possible sound editing and multiple-track mixing; instrumentals or vocals can be recorded at one location and later mixed onto a master recording in another studio.

Answer 1

audiotape

Question 2

Other inventors developed the technique of recording and playing back sound in _____

Answer 2

stereo

Question 3

In the 1980s, ______ or recording sound as binary code, began to replace traditional analog recording

Answer 3

digital recording

Question 4

fill in

Answer 4

analog recording

Question 5

hit the market in 1983, consumers started choosing the new technology over records and cassette tapes. By 2000, ____ rendered records and audiocassettes nearly obsolete.

Answer 5

compact discs (CDs)

Question 6

file format

Answer 6

MP3

Question 7

appeals either to a wide cross section of the public or to sizable subdivisions within the larger public based on age, region, or ethnic background

Answer 7

pop music

Question 8

fill in

Answer 8

jazz

Question 9

songs performed or recorded by other artists

Answer 9

cover music

Question 10

style developed as a combination of vocal and instrumental music with a variety of sources, including southern blues music

blurred racial lines and served as a vehicle for directly or indirectly addressing issues of inequality

Answer 10

rock and roll

Question 11

fill in

Answer 11

rhythm and blues, or R&B

Question 12

a combination of country music, southern gospel, and Mississippi delta blues, were created through a merging of styles.

Answer 12

rockabilly

Question 13

conservative outcry against the lyrics and styles of rock music

rock music in America by the early 1960s was becoming more clean-cut and less likely to challenge authority or social inequality.

Answer 13

payola scandals

Question 14

fill in

Answer 14

soul

Question 15

fill in

Answer 15

punk rock

Question 16

rock music that takes the spirit of punk and infuses it with more attention to melody

Answer 16

grunge

Question 17

punk and grunge

Answer 17

alternative rock

Question 18

subgenres of hip-hop like _____ are often criticized for glorifying violence to listeners.

Answer 18

gangster rap

Question 19

At the same time punk was challenging commercial rock, urban artists were developing a style combining rapping, sampling, break dancing, and poetry slams that would become part of a larger style of music called

Answer 19

hip-hop

Question 20

A few major companies, including Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment, and Warner Music Group, still have an _____

Answer 20

oligopoly

Question 21

scout talent, sign them to a contract, and coordinate the artistic and technical elements necessary to professionally record music.

Answer 21

A&R (artist and repertoire) agent

Question 22

All independent labels

Answer 22

indies