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Anthropology > Ch. 4 Evolutionary Forces > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Evolutionary Forces Flashcards

1
Q

Mutation

A

Random change in DNA
-Can be caused by pollution, chemical exposure, and UV radiation

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2
Q

Point Mutation

A

Random change of one of the nucleotide base to another

*thymine becomes uracil during protein synthesis

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3
Q

Frameshift Mutation

A

Random change- addition or deletion- of one or more nucleotide base(s) resulting in a flawed mRNA that is translated incorrectly during protein synthesis

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4
Q

Neutral (Synonymous) Mutation

A

Does not cause any changes

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5
Q

Deleterious (bad) Mutation

A

Most mutations

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6
Q

Advantageous Mutation

A

Needs the other evolutionary forces to increase in frequency

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7
Q

Chromosomal Mutations- Inversions

A

The order in a section of chromosomes is reversed, deleted, or added

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8
Q

Chromosomal Mutation- Translocation

A

Sections of a chromosome move to another chromosome- may lead to exchange of DNA

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9
Q

Natural selection

A

Survival and reproduction of those individuals with adaptive traits in a given environment

*increase or decrease variation within and between populations

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10
Q

Directional Selection

A

Nature selects one extreme or the next in continuous traits (as the environment changes)

*when environmental pressures favor one phenotype over another

EX. Peppered Moths

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11
Q

What happened with the Peppered Moths

A

In preindustrial times the trees were covered in white fungi which caused the white peppered moths to be the majority and after the industrial revolution there was pollution that created a darker color of the tree trunk cause the white moths number to decline while the dark ones survived

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12
Q

What happened to the human brain size and jaws/teeth?

A

Human evolution caused the increase of the brain over 4 million years and while that was happening our jaws and teeth got smaller in those 4 million years

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13
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

Nature selects against extremes (loves middle)

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14
Q

What Happened To The Finches Beak?

A

When there was a drought in the Galapagos between 1975-1978 the finches beaks were small and that cause that population to diminish since they starved and those who had a larger beak were able to thrive

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15
Q

What Happens When A Baby Is Too Heavy Or Too Small?

A

If the baby were to be too big the mom would suffer and a C section must be done which sometimes they are dangerous, and for the smaller babies they have less chance of survival

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16
Q

Why Is It Not Good If A Human Is Too Tall Or Too Short?

A

If someone were to be too tall they may have some kind of condition and their skin might suffer because of how tall they became, and for someone below the average human height thy might have more health problems due to their size.

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17
Q

Balancing Selection

A

Nature selects against Homozygotes and for Heterozygotes in discrete traits

EX. Malaria and Sickle Cell Gene

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18
Q

Sickle Cell Gene

A

A genetic disorder caused by a mutation in both copies of a person’s HBB gene.

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19
Q

Type E Hemoglobin

A

Point mutation in the hemoglobin
greater than 15% (0.15) among pop. from India
through S. east Asia to New Guinea

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20
Q

Thalassemia

A

A genetic anemia found in Europe (Greece and Italy), Asia, and the Pacific causes hemoglobin
to be clumped inside the RBCs and are subsequently
destroyed by the spleen resulting in anemia.

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21
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)

A

Important in RBC development. A deficiency in this enzyme, particularly if the individual eats fava beans, leads to destruction of RBCs and causes anemia (Mediterranean)

22
Q

Malaria

A

An intermittent and remittent fever caused by a protozoan parasite that invades the red blood cells. The parasite is transmitted by mosquitoes in many tropical and subtropical regions.

23
Q

What Is The Malaria Parasite Called?

A

Plasmodium Falciparum Anopheles Mosquito (Anopheles Gambiae)

24
Q

Slash & Burn Agriculture

A

Creates environment for disease-carrying mosquitoes

25
Q

What does Heterozygotes do with Malaria?

A

They Survive Malaria

26
Q

What Does The Malaria Parasite Need?

A

It needs a normal red blood cell (RBC) to continue its life cycle

27
Q

Balanced Polymorphism

A

Selection for the heterozygote

28
Q

Duffy Blood Group

A

Classification of human blood based on the presence of glycoproteins known as Fy antigens on the surface of red blood cells,

Duffy Negative= seriously allergic to blood transfusion (most Africans)
Duffy Positive= can get blood transfusion (Caucasian)

29
Q

Tay Sachs Disease

A

It’s caused by the absence of an enzyme that helps break down fatty substances. These fatty substances, called gangliosides, build up to toxic levels in the brain and spinal cord and affect the function of the nerve cells

*Ashkenazi Jews have the highest frequency
*Because of their heterozygotes they have higher survival rates in tuberculosis and typhoid

30
Q

Cystic Fibrosis “white plague”

A

Disorder of the pancreatic enzymes and parotid salivary
glands, where the patient suffers from respiratory and
digestive problems due to secretions of thick, viscous
substances that block tubules and do irreversible damage to lungs and pancreas

*highest frequency= Europeans
*Their heterozygotes make them have a higher survival rates in tuberculosis and cholera

31
Q

The CCR5 and Disease Resistance

A

CCR5Δ32= 32 base pair mutation and the receptor site is changed; HIV cannot bind with cell

-originated from small pox and then adapted itself for HIV

-individuals cannot contract AIDS

32
Q

Evolution of Human Skin Color

A

UV radiation destroys Folate (
- lighter skin human ancestors three million years ago would have folate deficiency

-Dark skin (melanin) filters the harmful effects of UV radiation dark skin=folate protection (adaptive)

Closer to the equator darker skin and further away lighter skin

33
Q

Sexual Selection

A

In population a trait (usually in males) increases in frequency over time because of the advantages it confers in winning mates

34
Q

Why Is Sexual Selection Seen In Animals?

A

The trait is enough to attract females but not predators

35
Q

Why No Sexual Selection With humans?

A

Too complex

36
Q

Gene Drift

A

Random change in allele frequency from one generation
to the next

*Variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce.

one population

37
Q

Founder Effect

A

a few individuals from a population start a new population with a different allele frequency than the original population

38
Q

Gene Flow (migration)

A

The movement of genes from one population to another (i.e., migration, admixture)
(everyone)
*Acts to reduce differences among groups

39
Q

Species Problem

A

Organisms or populations whose members can interbreed and produce viable offspring but are reproductively isolated from other groups.

40
Q

Biological species concept

A

An actual or potential interbreeding, natural population
that is reproductively isolated from other such population

Ex. male donkey (Equus africanus) + female horse (Equus ferus) = mule (a hybrid)

41
Q

Evolutionary Species Concept

A

A fossil species has evolved through time in its own distinct
lineage into other species (straight line evolution)

42
Q

Phylogenetic Species Concept

A

Considers both ancestry and descent and relies on the
identification of shared recently evolved traits
as opposed to shared primitive traits (found in the distant
ancestor) in understanding relationships

seeing the relationship between the ancestor and the evolved animal (branching evolution)

43
Q

Tempo

A

the conditions of exceptionally slow or rapid evolutions

44
Q

Mode

A

the study of the way, manner, or pattern of evolution

45
Q

Speciation

A

The formation of new species

46
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

Speciation occurs when members
of a larger population becomes separated by a natural, physical barrier (i.e., lake, mountain range,
ocean, valley, etc.)

47
Q

Mode Of Cladogenesis

A

*mode of evolutionary change is cladogenesis (branching evolution)

48
Q

Mode Of Anagenesis

A

*Mode of evolutionary change is anagenesis (straight line evolution)

49
Q

Gradualism

A

smooth gradual processes were at work in natural systems
(Lyell formulated it)

50
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A

long periods of stasis followed by short periods of rapid change
(Niles Eldredge came up wit it)

51
Q

what is the selective advantage of white skin in lower solar radiation areas?

A

humans with dark skin wore clothing in these areas to keep warm, dark skin + clothing lead to a vitamin D deficiency

light skin evolved to facilitate vitamin D synthesis

Anthropology (5 decks)

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