Ch. 3 Genetics and Heredity Flashcards
Mendelian Inheritance (the experiment for simple inheritance
He allowed pea plants of a given variety to produce by self-fertilization
Explanation: he created this experiment to see how the traits were passed down to generations
Chromosomes
Strands of DNA containing thousands of genes
Explanation: They pass down the DNA from parents to offspring.
Somatic cells
The somatic cells are any cells besides the sex cells
Recombination
Recombination is the rearrangement of genetic material (genetic variation)
Crossing over
Crossing over is when homologous chromosomes (same genes from different parent) partially wrap around each other and exchange parts resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring.
The exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring.
Mitosis
production of identical body cells (adult cells) for example. Skin, kidney, heart, muscle, etc. the repair after surgery.
Explanation: mitosis is the repair of body cells after surgery or accident
Meiosis
meiosis is the cell division that produces sex cells (gametes)
Chromosomal mistakes
Part of an individual chromosome is missing, extra, switched, or turned upside down.
Explanation: these are accidents that may happen in the beginning stages of the fetus.
Ex. Trisomy 21 (down syndrome)
-problems
Intellectual disability
Mental disability
Thyroid and heart disease
Distinct facial appearance
47 chromosomes because there is an extra one.
Mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) (Bones)
Circular DNA molecule: 16,569 base pairs in length (37 coding genes) small genome. found inside cellular organelles called mitochondria
Nitrogenous Bases
The nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C).
Proteins
large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body
Amino acids
The amino acids are molecules that are linked in a chain to form proteins
Protein Synthesis (mRNA)
The creation of proteins by cells that use DNA, RNA, and various enzymes.
Genotype
Genotype is the genetic makeup
Heritability
the proportion of the total variation in a trait
that is attributed to genetic variation
Phenotype
The phenotype is the physical traits
Punnett square (what is it? and be able to use it)
A table in which all of the possible outcomes for a genetic cross between two individuals with known genotypes are given
Regulatory Genes
A gene that regulates the expression of various structural genes by controlling the production of proteins.
Lactose Intolerance
After breast feeding period ends and the child does not consume dairy the enzyme is turned off (what is not needed in biology is depleted)
Co-dominance
Co-dominance is a type of inheritance in which two versions (alleles) of the same gene are expressed of the same gene are expressed separately to yield different traits in an individual
Recessive
Recessive is a trait that is expressed only when genotype is homozygous. (both parents have the same trait but is recessive.
Blood groups
Any of the various types of human blood whose antigen characteristics determine compatibility in transfusion. The best-known blood groups are those of the ABO system
Locus
Location of a gene on the chromosome
(loci [plural] several genes on a chromosome)
Genetics and Heredity
ABO
Classification of human blood based on the red blood cells as determined by the presence or absence of the antigens A and B, which are carried on the surface of the red cells.
Antigens: proteins on surface of cell—identifies the cell;
foreign antigens can cause an immune reaction
Antibodies (immunoglobulins): important cells in the immune
system—they bind to foreign antigen
Rhesus
The Rhesus factor is a certain type of protein found on the outside of red blood cells. People are either Rh-positive (they have the protein) or Rh-negative (they don’t have the protein)
positive and negative thing by the blood type and if mother and baby not compatible the mother antibody ‘s will attack baby
Homozygote
An individual having two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes and so breeding true for the corresponding characteristic.
Heterozygote
An individual having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes, and so giving rise to varying offspring.
CCR5Δ32 and disease resistance (what is the importance?)
-CCR5Δ32= 32 base pair mutation and the receptor site is changed; HIV cannot bind with cell
-helped to prove evolution, originated from small pox
-individuals cannot contract AIDS
Gene expression
The process by which the information encoded in a gene is turned into a function
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (p2 + 2pq + q2) (explain Hardy-Weinberg)
be able to calculate allele frequencies; count the number of alleles; observed and
expected frequencies.
The allele frequencies in a population are stable and remain constant from one generation to another.
Sex cells
The sex cells have part of both parents DNA to create a new being
Why he chose pea plants
pea plants are small and easy to grow and
have short generation time plus flowers of peas contain male and female
sex organs
-large number of true-breeding varieties
Dominance
trait is always expressed
Recessive
trait is never expressed, except in certain
conditions
Mendel’s law of segregation
every trait has two discrete particles one
inherited from the mother and one from the father
Mendel’s law of independent assortment
the inheritance of one trait does not affect the
inheritance of other traits
Modern synthesis
merging Darwinian selection with
Mendelian Genetics
Darwinian selection
Darwinian selection explains how complex traits interact
with the environment
Mendelian genetics
explain the underlying mechanism
of how simple traits (at a single locus) are inherited
Mitochondria
in the cytoplasm of cell; provides energy
for cell functions
Maternal mtDNA
a clone of mother’s mtDNA is inherited, and then
passed on by the female in adulthood
Homoplasmic
identical in every cell
Nuclear DNA (nDNA)
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
structure: double helix
bases: adenine-Thymine (A-T) and Guanine-Cytosine (G-C)
both of the bases are always together
Gene expression
Identical or similar genes in different organisms are
expressed at different times, in different tissues, in
different combinations, and in different amounts.
Chromosomes humans have
46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
gametes: egg=23; sperm=23
autosomes: non sex chromosomes = 22 pairs
Structural genes
responsible for body structures, i.e.
hair, blood, etc
Regulatory genes
regulate the function of other genes turning them other genes “on” and “off,” e.g
(regulate growth and development)
Polygenic (complex) Traits
several genes coding for the same trait or effect
e.g., skin color, height, weight, hair form, body shape,
behaviors
Pleiotropy (complex) traits
a single gene coding two or
more traits or effects
e.g., size and shape in organisms correlated by a single gene
Chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5)
a receptor site on the T-cell that enables HIV to bind to the T-cell leading to infection.
