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Anthropology > Ch. 3 Genetics and Heredity > Flashcards

Ch. 3 Genetics and Heredity Flashcards

1
Q

Mendelian Inheritance (the experiment for simple inheritance

A

He allowed pea plants of a given variety to produce by self-fertilization

Explanation: he created this experiment to see how the traits were passed down to generations

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2
Q

Chromosomes

A

Strands of DNA containing thousands of genes

Explanation: They pass down the DNA from parents to offspring.

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3
Q

Somatic cells

A

The somatic cells are any cells besides the sex cells

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4
Q

Recombination

A

Recombination is the rearrangement of genetic material (genetic variation)

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5
Q

Crossing over

A

Crossing over is when homologous chromosomes (same genes from different parent) partially wrap around each other and exchange parts resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring.

The exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring.

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6
Q

Mitosis

A

production of identical body cells (adult cells) for example. Skin, kidney, heart, muscle, etc. the repair after surgery.

Explanation: mitosis is the repair of body cells after surgery or accident

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7
Q

Meiosis

A

meiosis is the cell division that produces sex cells (gametes)

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8
Q

Chromosomal mistakes

A

Part of an individual chromosome is missing, extra, switched, or turned upside down.

Explanation: these are accidents that may happen in the beginning stages of the fetus.
Ex. Trisomy 21 (down syndrome)
-problems
Intellectual disability
Mental disability
Thyroid and heart disease
Distinct facial appearance
47 chromosomes because there is an extra one.

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9
Q

Mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) (Bones)

A

Circular DNA molecule: 16,569 base pairs in length (37 coding genes) small genome. found inside cellular organelles called mitochondria

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10
Q

Nitrogenous Bases

A

The nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C).

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11
Q

Proteins

A

large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body

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12
Q

Amino acids

A

The amino acids are molecules that are linked in a chain to form proteins

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13
Q

Protein Synthesis (mRNA)

A

The creation of proteins by cells that use DNA, RNA, and various enzymes.

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14
Q

Genotype

A

Genotype is the genetic makeup

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15
Q

Heritability

A

the proportion of the total variation in a trait
that is attributed to genetic variation

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16
Q

Phenotype

A

The phenotype is the physical traits

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17
Q

Punnett square (what is it? and be able to use it)

A

A table in which all of the possible outcomes for a genetic cross between two individuals with known genotypes are given

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18
Q

Regulatory Genes

A

A gene that regulates the expression of various structural genes by controlling the production of proteins.

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19
Q

Lactose Intolerance

A

After breast feeding period ends and the child does not consume dairy the enzyme is turned off (what is not needed in biology is depleted)

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20
Q

Co-dominance

A

Co-dominance is a type of inheritance in which two versions (alleles) of the same gene are expressed of the same gene are expressed separately to yield different traits in an individual

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21
Q

Recessive

A

Recessive is a trait that is expressed only when genotype is homozygous. (both parents have the same trait but is recessive.

22
Q

Blood groups

A

Any of the various types of human blood whose antigen characteristics determine compatibility in transfusion. The best-known blood groups are those of the ABO system

23
Q

Locus

A

Location of a gene on the chromosome
(loci [plural] several genes on a chromosome)
Genetics and Heredity

24
Q

ABO

A

Classification of human blood based on the red blood cells as determined by the presence or absence of the antigens A and B, which are carried on the surface of the red cells.

Antigens: proteins on surface of cell—identifies the cell;
foreign antigens can cause an immune reaction

Antibodies (immunoglobulins): important cells in the immune
system—they bind to foreign antigen

25
Q

Rhesus

A

The Rhesus factor is a certain type of protein found on the outside of red blood cells. People are either Rh-positive (they have the protein) or Rh-negative (they don’t have the protein)

positive and negative thing by the blood type and if mother and baby not compatible the mother antibody ‘s will attack baby

26
Q

Homozygote

A

An individual having two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes and so breeding true for the corresponding characteristic.

27
Q

Heterozygote

A

An individual having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes, and so giving rise to varying offspring.

28
Q

CCR5Δ32 and disease resistance (what is the importance?)

A

-CCR5Δ32= 32 base pair mutation and the receptor site is changed; HIV cannot bind with cell

-helped to prove evolution, originated from small pox

-individuals cannot contract AIDS

29
Q

Gene expression

A

The process by which the information encoded in a gene is turned into a function

30
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (p2 + 2pq + q2) (explain Hardy-Weinberg)

be able to calculate allele frequencies; count the number of alleles; observed and
expected frequencies.

A

The allele frequencies in a population are stable and remain constant from one generation to another.

31
Q

Sex cells

A

The sex cells have part of both parents DNA to create a new being

32
Q

Why he chose pea plants

A

pea plants are small and easy to grow and
have short generation time plus flowers of peas contain male and female
sex organs

-large number of true-breeding varieties

33
Q

Dominance

A

trait is always expressed

34
Q

Recessive

A

trait is never expressed, except in certain
conditions

35
Q

Mendel’s law of segregation

A

every trait has two discrete particles one
inherited from the mother and one from the father

36
Q

Mendel’s law of independent assortment

A

the inheritance of one trait does not affect the
inheritance of other traits

37
Q

Modern synthesis

A

merging Darwinian selection with
Mendelian Genetics

38
Q

Darwinian selection

A

Darwinian selection explains how complex traits interact
with the environment

39
Q

Mendelian genetics

A

explain the underlying mechanism
of how simple traits (at a single locus) are inherited

40
Q

Mitochondria

A

in the cytoplasm of cell; provides energy
for cell functions

41
Q

Maternal mtDNA

A

a clone of mother’s mtDNA is inherited, and then
passed on by the female in adulthood

42
Q

Homoplasmic

A

identical in every cell

43
Q

Nuclear DNA (nDNA)

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
structure: double helix
bases: adenine-Thymine (A-T) and Guanine-Cytosine (G-C)
both of the bases are always together

44
Q

Gene expression

A

Identical or similar genes in different organisms are
expressed at different times, in different tissues, in
different combinations, and in different amounts.

45
Q

Chromosomes humans have

A

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
gametes: egg=23; sperm=23
autosomes: non sex chromosomes = 22 pairs

46
Q

Structural genes

A

responsible for body structures, i.e.
hair, blood, etc

47
Q

Regulatory genes

A

regulate the function of other genes turning them other genes “on” and “off,” e.g
(regulate growth and development)

48
Q

Polygenic (complex) Traits

A

several genes coding for the same trait or effect
e.g., skin color, height, weight, hair form, body shape,
behaviors

49
Q

Pleiotropy (complex) traits

A

a single gene coding two or
more traits or effects
e.g., size and shape in organisms correlated by a single gene

50
Q

Chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5)

A

a receptor site on the T-cell that enables HIV to bind to the T-cell leading to infection.

Anthropology (5 decks)

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