all exams questions Flashcards
the catastrophism hypothesis is attributed to
Georges Cuvier
Lamarck proposed an erroneous evolutionary mechanism known today as
inheritance of acquired characteristics
the idea that past phenomenon should be explained by natural processes now in operation is one of the principles of
Uniformitarianism
what did the 19th British demographer/economist say about population and food supply
populations increase faster than food supply
the current official, geological time period is the
Holocene
the British scientist who independently co-discovered the theory of natural selection was
Alfred Russel Wallace
James Hutton is associated with
Earth as a “Decaying and self-renewing machine”
Buffon believed in “deep time” T or F
True
The god hypothesis is not a scientific hypothesis because
It cannot be tested nor rejected
natural selection works on preexisting variation in populations T or F
True
Charles Darwin knew, very well, the mechanism of inheritance T or F
False
Zoonoses are diseases which initially came from
Animals
In science, theories can be considered “hunches” or best guesses T or F
False
the Anthropocene can be summarized as the age of mammals T or F
False
A theory of evolution could not be formulated in the middle ages because of the worldview(s)
fixity of species, great chain of being, earth was the center of the universe
today, the _______ islands are famous because of Charles Darwin’s field studies in the 19th century
Galapagos
fossils buried in the deeper layers of rock are older than fossils in shallower layers. this feature is called
Law of superposition
the basis for Charles Darwin’s gradualism was the work of
Charles Lyell
on the island (during the voyage), Charles Darwin noticed that the finches’ beaks were variable in size and shape due to
adaptation to different diets
in natural selection, the population is selected and the individual evolves T or F
False
natural selection involves
the inheritance of acquired characteristics, spontaneous generation, fixity of species and it is none of the above
in natural selection, individuals with adaptive traits for a specific environment survive, reproduce, and “pass” their adaptive traits to their offspring T or F
True
natural selection occurs when individuals have too many offspring. there is
not enough food, not enough living space, a struggle for existence.
Charles Darwin published a book in 1859. the title of this book is
on the origin of species
before the agricultural revolution
the hunter-gatherer immune system would not have promoted survival of individuals in modern epidemics and pandemics
the scientist who coined the name Homo Sapiens for human beings and placed them in taxonomy group called primates was
Carolus Linnaeus
what was the belief before Darwinian evolution
Creationism
natural selection was proposed by Thomas Malthus T or F
False
Charles Darwin did not know the mechanism of inheritance T or F
True
Archbishop James Ussher calculated a creation date of
4004 years
John Ray studied stratigraphy and proposed the “law of superposition” T or F
False
Charles Darwin
Was a British naturalist in the 1800s
the first person who tried to explain how evolution worked was
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
which naturalist was the most influential on Darwin’s thinking?
Charles Lyell
Georges Cuvier is associated with the idea of
uniformitarianism, principles of heredity, use and disuse and it is none of the above
Carolus Linnaeus
developed a classification system for animals
James Hutton and Charles Lyell are associated with
the ancient earth hypothesis & uniformitarianism
in evolutionary studies ‘fitness’ is
reproductive fitness- the number of off-spring that survive and reach adulthood
habitual bipedalism is the only evolutionary change leading to humanness T or F
False
a proposed epoch that begins when human activities had significant impact on earth’s living and non-living resources called
holocene
athropology
miocene
and it is none of the above
the hunter-gatherer physiology was designed to get as much salts, sugars, and fat as possible T or F
True
the agricultural revolution led to
population growth
sedentism
infectious & non-infectious diseases
Biocultural environmental approach
is defined as interrelationship between human biology and the cultural/natural environment
means when we change the environment it impacts our biology
is the framework used in biological anthropology
who originated the idea of intelligent design
William Paley
global colling led to the agricultural revolution T or F
False
humans had a choice in shifting from hunting & gathering to agriculture around 14,000-12,000 years ago T or F
False
Microorganisms (infectious diseases) have shaped our immune system T or F
True
are there any other features (including bipedalism) that make us humans and if so list them
language and speech, and our big brains and the ability to save our complex tools
we humans have ____ heads and ____ faces
bigger
small
chimpanzees have _____ heads and _____ faces
small
bigger
Nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid (nDNA)
codes for all biological characteristics and functions
in 1962____ was/were awarded the nobel prize for his/her 1953 discovery proposing that the structure of the nuclear DNA molecule was _____
Watson, Crick & Wilkins: a double helix
in homo sapiens there are 23 autosomal chromosome pairs and one pair of sex chromosomes T or F
False
_____ DNA is heteroplasmic, meaning that ( in homo sapiens) it can differ from one body part to another
Mitochondrial
in nuclear DNA(nDNA), the base adenine pairs with the base
thymine
the CCR5 gene codes for a receptor protein on the
T helper Cell
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumes
a larger population
an alternative (variant) of gene is called
an allele
how many chromosomes are found in the human (unfertilized) egg cell?
23
you visit a random mating population and find that the observed genotype frequencies are NOT what would be expected under the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. What does this suggest?
evolution has occurred
translation
results in the production of amino acid chains and proteins
in the f2 generation of Mendel’s pea plant cross fertilization, the phenotypical ratio was
3:1
messenger RNA (mRNA) differs from nuclear DNA (nDNA) in that it uses?
uracil instead of thymine
at the end of meiosis I variation is created T or F
True
an individual whose blood type is B can only have the BB genotype T or F
True
Gametes are sex alleles T or F
True
the ABO system is Mendelian or simple inheritance T or F
True
Mitochondrial DNA is identical in every cell
False
Microevolution is large-scale evolution; evolution in thousands of species T or F
False
CCR5triangle32 mutation initially emerged as selection for bubonic plague
False
the word “genes” was first used by Mendel
False
the physical expression of an organism’s genetic constitution is called the
phenotype
somatic cells include all of the following except
sex cells because somatic cells are body cells
the physical location of a gene on a chromosome is called
Locus
which one is not a mendelian disease
retinitis
sickle cell anemia-mendelian
cystic fibrosis-mendelian
tay sachs disease -mendelian
what is the primary purpose of a punnet square
to show possible genotypes in the next generation
what does mendel’s law of segregation state?
in every trait there are two discrete particles: one inherited from the mother and one inherited from the father
how many chromosomes are in the human somatic cell?
23 pairs
the field of genetics concerned with the laws of inheritance known as ___?
mendelian genetics
recessive traits in individuals are expressed when two copies of the gene coding for the trait is inherited (by the offspring)? T or F
True
in the F2 generation of Mendel’s pea plant cross fertilization , the genotypical ratio was
1:2:1
the native Americans in south America are 100% O blood type. this blood type may be an adaptation to a disease environment of
syphilis
in the rhesus blood group, mother-fetal incompatibility will occur if mother is rh-positive and father is rh-negative T or F
false
a population is a group of interbreeding individuals that exist in time and space T or F
True
heritability
is the proportion of the total variation that is genetic
the distribution of blood types in different geographical regions may be related to natural selection and disease in population history T or F
true
Trisomy 21 is an individua; with 47 chromosomes T or F
True
after breastfeeding period in cultures with no tradition in milk-drinking, the lactase gene is ‘turned off’ so that they would be lactose intolerant if they consume diary. T or F
True
despite the fact that humans and chimpanzees share 98% genetic similarity, they are very different in terms of facial structure, brain size, locomotion, and behavior. the reason for this is
gene expression
mutation is the only source of
natural selection
inheritance
new variation
and it is none of the above
another name for evolutionary force called gene flow is
admixture/migration
