all exams questions Flashcards

(93 cards)

1
Q

the catastrophism hypothesis is attributed to

A

Georges Cuvier

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2
Q

Lamarck proposed an erroneous evolutionary mechanism known today as

A

inheritance of acquired characteristics

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3
Q

the idea that past phenomenon should be explained by natural processes now in operation is one of the principles of

A

Uniformitarianism

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4
Q

what did the 19th British demographer/economist say about population and food supply

A

populations increase faster than food supply

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5
Q

the current official, geological time period is the

A

Holocene

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6
Q

the British scientist who independently co-discovered the theory of natural selection was

A

Alfred Russel Wallace

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7
Q

James Hutton is associated with

A

Earth as a “Decaying and self-renewing machine”

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8
Q

Buffon believed in “deep time” T or F

A

True

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9
Q

The god hypothesis is not a scientific hypothesis because

A

It cannot be tested nor rejected

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10
Q

natural selection works on preexisting variation in populations T or F

A

True

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11
Q

Charles Darwin knew, very well, the mechanism of inheritance T or F

A

False

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12
Q

Zoonoses are diseases which initially came from

A

Animals

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13
Q

In science, theories can be considered “hunches” or best guesses T or F

A

False

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14
Q

the Anthropocene can be summarized as the age of mammals T or F

A

False

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15
Q

A theory of evolution could not be formulated in the middle ages because of the worldview(s)

A

fixity of species, great chain of being, earth was the center of the universe

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16
Q

today, the _______ islands are famous because of Charles Darwin’s field studies in the 19th century

A

Galapagos

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17
Q

fossils buried in the deeper layers of rock are older than fossils in shallower layers. this feature is called

A

Law of superposition

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18
Q

the basis for Charles Darwin’s gradualism was the work of

A

Charles Lyell

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19
Q

on the island (during the voyage), Charles Darwin noticed that the finches’ beaks were variable in size and shape due to

A

adaptation to different diets

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20
Q

in natural selection, the population is selected and the individual evolves T or F

A

False

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21
Q

natural selection involves

A

the inheritance of acquired characteristics, spontaneous generation, fixity of species and it is none of the above

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22
Q

in natural selection, individuals with adaptive traits for a specific environment survive, reproduce, and “pass” their adaptive traits to their offspring T or F

A

True

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23
Q

natural selection occurs when individuals have too many offspring. there is

A

not enough food, not enough living space, a struggle for existence.

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24
Q

Charles Darwin published a book in 1859. the title of this book is

A

on the origin of species

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25
before the agricultural revolution
the hunter-gatherer immune system would not have promoted survival of individuals in modern epidemics and pandemics
26
the scientist who coined the name Homo Sapiens for human beings and placed them in taxonomy group called primates was
Carolus Linnaeus
27
what was the belief before Darwinian evolution
Creationism
28
natural selection was proposed by Thomas Malthus T or F
False
29
Charles Darwin did not know the mechanism of inheritance T or F
True
30
Archbishop James Ussher calculated a creation date of
4004 years
31
John Ray studied stratigraphy and proposed the "law of superposition" T or F
False
32
Charles Darwin
Was a British naturalist in the 1800s
33
the first person who tried to explain how evolution worked was
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
34
which naturalist was the most influential on Darwin's thinking?
Charles Lyell
35
Georges Cuvier is associated with the idea of
uniformitarianism, principles of heredity, use and disuse and it is none of the above
36
Carolus Linnaeus
developed a classification system for animals
37
James Hutton and Charles Lyell are associated with
the ancient earth hypothesis & uniformitarianism
38
in evolutionary studies 'fitness' is
reproductive fitness- the number of off-spring that survive and reach adulthood
39
habitual bipedalism is the only evolutionary change leading to humanness T or F
False
40
a proposed epoch that begins when human activities had significant impact on earth's living and non-living resources called
holocene athropology miocene and it is none of the above
41
the hunter-gatherer physiology was designed to get as much salts, sugars, and fat as possible T or F
True
42
the agricultural revolution led to
population growth sedentism infectious & non-infectious diseases
43
Biocultural environmental approach
is defined as interrelationship between human biology and the cultural/natural environment means when we change the environment it impacts our biology is the framework used in biological anthropology
43
who originated the idea of intelligent design
William Paley
44
global colling led to the agricultural revolution T or F
False
45
humans had a choice in shifting from hunting & gathering to agriculture around 14,000-12,000 years ago T or F
False
46
Microorganisms (infectious diseases) have shaped our immune system T or F
True
47
are there any other features (including bipedalism) that make us humans and if so list them
language and speech, and our big brains and the ability to save our complex tools
48
we humans have ____ heads and ____ faces
bigger small
49
chimpanzees have _____ heads and _____ faces
small bigger
50
Nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid (nDNA)
codes for all biological characteristics and functions
51
in 1962____ was/were awarded the nobel prize for his/her 1953 discovery proposing that the structure of the nuclear DNA molecule was _____
Watson, Crick & Wilkins: a double helix
52
in homo sapiens there are 23 autosomal chromosome pairs and one pair of sex chromosomes T or F
False
53
_____ DNA is heteroplasmic, meaning that ( in homo sapiens) it can differ from one body part to another
Mitochondrial
54
in nuclear DNA(nDNA), the base adenine pairs with the base
thymine
55
the CCR5 gene codes for a receptor protein on the
T helper Cell
56
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumes
a larger population
57
an alternative (variant) of gene is called
an allele
58
how many chromosomes are found in the human (unfertilized) egg cell?
23
59
you visit a random mating population and find that the observed genotype frequencies are NOT what would be expected under the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. What does this suggest?
evolution has occurred
60
translation
results in the production of amino acid chains and proteins
61
in the f2 generation of Mendel's pea plant cross fertilization, the phenotypical ratio was
3:1
62
messenger RNA (mRNA) differs from nuclear DNA (nDNA) in that it uses?
uracil instead of thymine
63
at the end of meiosis I variation is created T or F
True
64
an individual whose blood type is B can only have the BB genotype T or F
True
65
Gametes are sex alleles T or F
True
66
the ABO system is Mendelian or simple inheritance T or F
True
67
Mitochondrial DNA is identical in every cell
False
68
Microevolution is large-scale evolution; evolution in thousands of species T or F
False
69
CCR5triangle32 mutation initially emerged as selection for bubonic plague
False
70
the word "genes" was first used by Mendel
False
71
the physical expression of an organism's genetic constitution is called the
phenotype
72
somatic cells include all of the following except
sex cells because somatic cells are body cells
73
the physical location of a gene on a chromosome is called
Locus
74
which one is not a mendelian disease
retinitis sickle cell anemia-mendelian cystic fibrosis-mendelian tay sachs disease -mendelian
75
what is the primary purpose of a punnet square
to show possible genotypes in the next generation
76
what does mendel's law of segregation state?
in every trait there are two discrete particles: one inherited from the mother and one inherited from the father
77
how many chromosomes are in the human somatic cell?
23 pairs
78
the field of genetics concerned with the laws of inheritance known as ___?
mendelian genetics
79
recessive traits in individuals are expressed when two copies of the gene coding for the trait is inherited (by the offspring)? T or F
True
80
in the F2 generation of Mendel's pea plant cross fertilization , the genotypical ratio was
1:2:1
81
the native Americans in south America are 100% O blood type. this blood type may be an adaptation to a disease environment of
syphilis
82
in the rhesus blood group, mother-fetal incompatibility will occur if mother is rh-positive and father is rh-negative T or F
false
83
a population is a group of interbreeding individuals that exist in time and space T or F
True
84
heritability
is the proportion of the total variation that is genetic
85
the distribution of blood types in different geographical regions may be related to natural selection and disease in population history T or F
true
86
Trisomy 21 is an individua; with 47 chromosomes T or F
True
87
after breastfeeding period in cultures with no tradition in milk-drinking, the lactase gene is 'turned off' so that they would be lactose intolerant if they consume diary. T or F
True
88
despite the fact that humans and chimpanzees share 98% genetic similarity, they are very different in terms of facial structure, brain size, locomotion, and behavior. the reason for this is
gene expression
89
mutation is the only source of
natural selection inheritance new variation and it is none of the above
90
another name for evolutionary force called gene flow is
admixture/migration
91
92