Ch. 4 - Development & Growth Of The Nervous System Flashcards
Nearly all new neurons are generated by when?
The end of fetal period and early neonatal period
What are the first two organ systems to function?
- Cardiovascular
2. Nervous
When does the development in the form of new neural connections occur?
T/o the growth ages
Can synaptic developments occur in old age?
Yes, with appropriate environmental stimuli
Do neural cells regenerate?
No, they are specialized cells that cannot regenerate
When does the total number of neurons start diminishing? Where?
Age 20, especially from the cerebral cortex.
Total brain weight decreases:
___% from age 20 - 90
10%
How much does nerve conduction velocity decrease?
10%
What are the 3 layers of the embryonic disc?
- Endoderm
- Mesoderm
- Ectoderm
When does the neural plate form?
18 days after conception
What does the neural plate form from?
Ectoderm
The neural plate elongates and the lateral edges fold outward to form what?
Neural folds
The rostral end of the neural plate enlarges and will later develop into what?
The brain
The neural folds continue to grow and eventually meet in the midline beginning in the ________ region to form the ___________ which progresses cephalically and caudally
Cervical; neural tube
The entire length of the neural tube is closed by when?
25 days
What develops as a bilateral column of cells from the neural ectoderm?
Neural crest
What 9 things do neural crest cells develop into?
- Sensory ganglia
- Autonomic ganglia
- Enteric ganglia
- Pia mater
- Arachnoid mater
- Sclera of the eye
- Neurolemma
- Adrenal medullary cells
- Carotid body receptors
What are the 4 basic zones (layers) of the neural tube from inside out?
- Ventricular zone
- Subventricular zone
- Intermediate (mantle) zone
- Marginal zone
Neurons which migrate here will become the gray matter of CNS
Intermediate (mantle) zone
Layer of small proliferative cells dividing as primitive neuro lasts which can migrate. Spongioblasts will become astrocytes and oliogodendroglia (myelin makers)
Subventricular zone
The most central layer consists of dividing cells which then move out to the next two layers as precursor cells. The cells that remain in this layer are called ependymal cells
Ventricular zone
Very few cells; distant axons migrate in /c macroglia to form the white matter
Marginal zone
What 2 things are structural organization and function of cells determined by?
- Intrinsic influences (mostly genetic)
2. Extrinsic influences (mostly environmental)
The predictability of the form and connections of a neuron, and therefore its function; probably genetically determined (including destination of migration, structural characteristics of the cell, characteristic physiological properties of the cell)
Neural specificity
Variation from the predictable pattern; probably the result of environmental factors as new synapses and interconnections are established
Neural plasticity
What is a very important concept in rehab and in understanding primitive reflexes?
Neural plasticity
Does the developing or the mature brain exhibit greater plasticity?
Developing
What neural tube zone becomes the inner gray mater?
Intermediate zone
What zone of the neural tube becomes the outer white matter
Marginal zone
What are intermediate zone cells dorsal to the sulcus limit as called? Primarily motor or sensory?
Alar plate; sensory
What are intermediate zone cells ventral to the sulcus limit as called? Primarily motor or sensory?
Basal plate; motor
At what month does the spinal cord extend the entire length of the vertebral column?
3rd month; and the spinal roots 90 deg.
True or False: after the spinal cord stops elongating, the vertebral column continues elongating
True
At birth, the caudal end of the spinal cord is at ______, in a teen the spinal cord ends at _______
L3; L1-L2
Each pair of nerves develops in association /c what?
Each pair of somites
What are somites?
Musculoskeletal precursors
What does the neural crest become at each level?
Paired sensory root ganglion of each spinal nerve
What are the 3 dilations that arise from the rostral end of the neural tube by the 3rd week?
- Prosencephalon
- Mesencephalon
- Rhombencephalon
What does the forebrain originate from?
Prosencephalon
What does the midbrain originate from?
Mesencephalon
What does the hindbrain originate from?
Rhombencephalon
By the ______, the 3 vesicles of brain development become 5
2nd month
The prosencephalon becomes what 2 structures?
- Telencephalon
2. Diencephalon
What does the telencephalon become?
Cortex & basal ganglia
What does the diencephalon become?
Thalamus & hypothalamus
The mesencephalon remains what?
The midbrain
The rhombencephalon becomes what 2 structures?
- Metencephalon
2. Myelencephalon
What does the metencephalon become?
The pons and cerebellum
What does the myelencephalon become?
The medulla oblongata
Develops as an acute bend anterior to the midbrain
Mesencephalic flexure
Bend that forms on the posterior surface btw the meten- and myelen-cephalon
Pontine flexure
Bend that develops on the anterior surface at the lower medulla
Cervical flexure
At what stage in brain development is each brain region recognizable?
3 months
When in brain development do the fissures begin /c the lateral cerebral fissure and the posterolateral sulcus of the cerebellum
4 months
When in brain development are all the main gyri and sulci present?
7 months
When in brain development are all lobes stubby and the insula is still seen on the surface?
9th month
True or False: in the neonate, the insula is mostly covered by adjacent lobes, and superficial artery are straight
True
When does the brain reach the relative size and proportions of the adult brain?
Age 2
A newborn brain weighs _______; ______ by age 1
350g; 1000g
What is used to measure brain growth in infants and children?
Head circumference
Brain weight at puberty is how much of body weight?
2%
Physiological/functional maturation of the nervous system depends upon progressive myelination, especially btw the ___________ and _________
3rd trimester; 2 years old
True or False: 3/4 of congenital defects involve the nervous system
False; 1/2
Abnormal development of the brain can be caused by what 4 things?
- Genetic factors
- Nutrition
- Hormonal effects
- Infections