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Neuroanatomy > Ch. 3 - Cells Of The Nervous System > Flashcards

Ch. 3 - Cells Of The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the functional unit of the nervous system?

A

Neuron aka nerve cell (cell body & it’s processes)

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2
Q

What are the 3 components of a neuron?

A
  1. Cell body - soma
  2. Single axon
  3. Variable number of dendrites
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3
Q

Where do axons terminate? With what kind of synapse?

A

Telodendria; terminal bouton

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4
Q

(DNA) is located in the soma; prominent nucleolus (RNA) used for protein synthesis

A

Nucleus

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5
Q

Phospholipid bilayer /c hydrophilic ends facing the outer surfaces and the hydrophobic ends toward the center of the membrane

A

Plasma cell membrane

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6
Q

The plasma cell membrane effectively blocks diffusion of what?

A

Water soluble molecules across the membrane

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7
Q

What is embedded in the bilipid layer to permit the selective permeability of certain molecules?

A

Integral proteins

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8
Q

Possible continuous pores through the plasma cell membrane allowing some ions to flow passively, but at very high rates only when the “gate” is open

A

Channels (ionophores)

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9
Q

What proteins allow only a few ions to pass thru the cell membrane at a time?

A

Carrier proteins

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10
Q

What can work against a gradient to get things across the cell membrane, and requires ATP as an energy source?

A

Pumps

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11
Q

Proteins can also transducer chemical or physical stimulation (I.e. ________) to initiate the response of the neuron, muscles, or gland cells to a specific stimulation

A

Receptor proteins

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12
Q

True or False:

Receptor proteins can migrate and shift laterally within the membrane and new proteins can be produced

A

True (ex. ACh receptors at the motor end plate)

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13
Q

What is on the outer surface of the cell membrane & functions in cellular recognition?

A

Glycoproteins

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14
Q

What is composed of flattened granular endoplasmic reticulum studded /c ribosomes, free ribosomes, and polysomes which are clusters of ribosomes?

A

Nissl bodies

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15
Q

What 3 things do nissl bodies synthesize?

A
  1. Neurosecretory proteins
  2. Integral proteins
  3. Lysosome proteins
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16
Q

What do free ribosomes and polysomes synthesize?

A

Cytosol & non-integral proteins

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17
Q

__________ is essential to neurological function

A

Protein synthesis

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18
Q

Complex stacks of flattened cisternal sacs

- receives newly synthesized proteins by vehicle transport, for sorting and ultimate dispersion

A

Golgi apparatus

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19
Q
  • membrane enclosed organelle involved in producing cellular energy
  • energy from oxidation is stored as phosphate bound energy (ATP) and released by hydrolysis
  • neurons are dependent for their energy on circulating glucose and oxygen (no glycogen storage)
A

Mitochondria

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20
Q
  • enclosed by a membrane and contain hydrologic, degradation enzymes, involved in “recycling”
  • may explain the yellow, “lipofuscin” in granules found in neurons of the elderly
A

Lysosomes

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21
Q

What are the 3 cytoskeleton transport organelles?

A
  1. Neurofiliaments
  2. Neurotubules
  3. Microfilaments
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22
Q

What are the cytoskeletal transport organelles composed of?

A

Protein polymers

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23
Q

What cytoskeletal transport organelle is…

-Semirigid; provide support and maintenance neuron shape

A

Neurofilaments

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24
Q

What cytoskeletal transport organelle is…

  • involved in atonal transport and growth of the axon and dendrites
  • contains several tracts
  • allows for unidirectional and bidirectional movement on separate tracts
A

Neurotubules

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25
Q

What cytoskeletal transport organelle is…

- prominent in the growling tips of axons

A

Microfilaments

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26
Q

Axonal transport is movement of substances along the axon either away from the cell body (__________) or towards the cell body (_________)

A

Anterograde; retrograde

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27
Q

Fast component transport system is due to __________

  • _________ carries membranous organelles, and vesicles of protein and transmitter precursors
  • _________ carries worn out material to the lysosomes for recycling
A

Neurotubules; anterograde; retrograde

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28
Q

Slow component transport system is __________ to maintain the axoplasm and provide substrate for axon and dendrite growth

A

Anterograde

29
Q

_________ transport can cause harmful results following infection /c neurotrophic viruses such as rabies, herpes simplex, poliomyelitis

A

Retrograde

30
Q

True extensions of the soma, containing some cytoplasmic organelles
- often multiple, transmit incoming signals toward the soma

A

Dendrites

31
Q

Single long projection from the soma

A

Axon

32
Q

The axon arises at the _______, which does not contain nissl bodies

A

Axon hillock

33
Q

The axon transmits a _________ action potential

A

All or none

34
Q

The axon length range may range greatly before branching into ________

A

Telodendria

35
Q

Each telodendron of an axon terminates as a ________ as the synaptic site of contact /c another cell

A

Bouton

36
Q

Axons and dendrites are generically called _______

A

Nerve fibers

37
Q

Site of contact of one neuron /c another

A

Synapse

38
Q

What are the 3 most common types of synapses?

A
  1. Axosomatic
  2. Axodendritic
  3. Axoaxonic
39
Q

The synapse of each motor neuron on a voluntary muscle is called _________

A

Motor end plate

40
Q

Cell membrane of the axon at the synapse

- the bouton contains mitochondria and vesicles of neurotransmitter precursors

A

Presynaptic membrane

41
Q

Cell membrane of the dendrite, cell body, muscle, or gland cell

A

Postsynaptic membrane

42
Q

Part of the postsynaptic membrane within the synapse

A

Subsynaptic membrane

43
Q

Structure of peripheral nerve:

Each fiber consists of an _______, surrounded by a ____________, surrounded by a connective tissues sheath (_______)

A

Axon; neurolemma (Schwann cell); endoneurium

44
Q

Myelinated fibers in the PNS are formed by what?

A

Schwann cells wrapping many times as concentric layers around the fiber

45
Q

Unmyelinated fibers in the PNS are formed by what?

A

A single layer of Schwann cell sheath, but no myelin

46
Q

Myelinated fibers are > ___um; unmyleinated are < ___um

A

Myelinated > 2 um

Unmyleinated < 2 um

47
Q

Points at which the myelin sheath is interrupted, occur at regular intervals

A

Node of ranvier

48
Q

Interval btw adjacent nodes; ensheathed by one Schwann cell

A

Internode

49
Q

What are non-neural cells of the CNS?

A

Neuroglia

50
Q

Are neuroglia or neurons more prevalent in the CNS?

A

Neuroglia

51
Q

Oligodendrocytes and astrocytes are __________ that function to support and maintain the neural environment; they also react to injury of neurons and can form scars

A

Macroglia

52
Q

The neurolemma cells of the CNS; each cell forms internodes of several fibers

A

Oligodendrocytes

53
Q

/c sheet-like processes, store and transfer metabolites from capillaries to neurons

A

Astrocytes

54
Q

Myelin producing cells of the PNS

A

Schwann cells

55
Q

Mesodermal cells, similar to macrophages, important in defense and repair

A

Microglia

56
Q

Glial cells which line the ventricles and choroid plexus; produce CSF

A

Ependymal cells

57
Q

If an axon is injured and the cell body survives, ________ can be done

A

Regeneration

58
Q

Axon reaction:

  1. The _______ swells and the nucleus moves to an ________ position
  2. Ribosome concentration _________ in the periphery of the soma, resulting in _________ (lack of central staining of soma), preparing new sources of protein for the regeneration
  3. The ________ stump of the severed axons are sealed by newly formed plasma membrane
  4. In the next week (or months in CNS), the distal axons and myelin sheaths will ________ followed by myelin phagocytosis
  5. A cord formed by the dividing neurolemma cells of the distal segment outline the original course of the severed nerve fibers all the way down to the original nerve terminals
A
  1. Soma swells; nucleus moves eccentrically
  2. Ribosome contraction increases; Chromatolysis
  3. Proximal stump
  4. Fragment
59
Q

Axon regeneration

  1. Each axon in the ______ stump grows out fo the stump and branches into many sprouts which spread randomly attempting to cross the neurolemma gap (narrow gap is better)
  2. Chemical factors in the __________ of the neurolemma attract the axon sprouts
  3. The axon sprouts enter ______ or more of the neurolemma cords
  4. The cords then ______ axons to their ultimate destination /c a growth rate of _____ per day
  5. If Previously myelinated, the regenerated axon will ______
  6. ________ matched axons-to-terminal will be functional (I.e. motor to motor, sensory to sensory)
A
  1. Proximal
  2. Basal lamina
  3. One
  4. Guide
  5. Remyelinate
  6. Appropriately
60
Q

New growths from axons of non-damaged CNS neurons in the vicinity of injured tissue can form new synapses /c neurons that have lost innervation d/t injury

A

Axonal sprouting

61
Q

Greater diameter and myelination will result in ______ conduction signal

A

Faster

62
Q

Ia fibers

A
  • largest
  • fastest
  • primary sensory from muscle spindles
63
Q

Ib fibers

A
  • fastest

- from golgi tendon organs and touch and pressure receptors

64
Q

II fibers

A
  • half as fast

- from encapsulated skin receptors fro touch, pressure, temp, and joint movement

65
Q

III & IV fibers

A
  • smaller
  • slower
  • from nonencapsulated endings for pain, touch, pressure
66
Q

A fibers = __________

C fibers = __________

A

A fibers = myelinated

C fibers = unmyleinated

67
Q

The ability of the CNS to form new neural circuits or reestablish damaged neural connections

A

Neural plasticity

68
Q

Neural plasticity is accomplished by ___________ and forming new synapses

A

Axonal sprouting

69
Q

When is neural plasticity optimally functioning?

A

Developmental years

Neuroanatomy (7 decks)

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