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Personality PSY206 > Ch 4-5-6 Personality Stability (class 7 & 8) > Flashcards

Ch 4-5-6 Personality Stability (class 7 & 8) Flashcards

1
Q

Eysenck & Activation

A

Key neurosystem: Ascending reticular activating systems (ARAS)

Resting arousal level

Introverts high levels in ARAS External stimuli overwhelming

Extroverts low levels in arras
External stimuli = helpful

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2
Q

Eysenck on Activation

A

Key neurosystem: Ascending reticular activating systems (ARAS)

Resting arousal level

Introverts high levels in ARAS External stimuli overwhelming

Extroverts low levels in arras
External stimuli = helpful

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3
Q

What do studies tell us about introvert vs extrovert diff vs Arousal levels

A

at rest similar

Reaction different to stimuli

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4
Q

Eysenck & Arousability

A

Arousal response

Introverts
Need less stimulation to reach optimal level
Over-arousal is a risk

Extroverts
Need more stimulation to reach optimal level
Under-arousal is a risk

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5
Q

What is reactivity

A

Reactivity

How we respond to stimuli and the environment around us

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6
Q

Reactivity vs Reward & Punishment

What is Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory

A

Gray

Based on (hypothetical) biological system
Behavioural activation system (BAS)
Behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

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7
Q

BAS - Behavioural Activation System

A

Approach drive

Responsive to incentive stimuli
Rewards
New experiences
New people

in Reinforcement sensitivity theory

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8
Q

What is BIS - Behavioural Activation System

A

Withdrawal drive

Responsive to punishment stimuli
Fear of consequences
Fear of the unfamiliar
Fear of judgement

(in Reinforcement sensitivity theory)

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9
Q

BIS BAS - Links to personality

A

Impulsivity
High BAS
Sensitive to reward
Seeks out positive emotions and stimuli

Anxious
High BIS
Sensitive to cues of punishment, stress, novelty
At risk for negative

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10
Q

Life outcomes

A

Impulsivity
Don’t learn well from punishment
More likely to engage in risky (potentially illegal) behaviours

Anxiety
Don’t trust rewards
Less likely to engage in novel or potentially risky situations
More likely to be closed off and self-limiting

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11
Q

Life outcomes or BIS BAS

A

Impulsivity
Don’t learn well from punishment
More likely to engage in risky (potentially illegal) behaviours

Anxiety
Don’t trust rewards
Less likely to engage in novel or potentially risky situations
More likely to be closed off and self-limiting

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12
Q

People in the middle BIS BAS

A 
Consider shyness
Not outgoing
Not introverted
Still want to be engaged in social world
But fearful
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13
Q

People in the middle BIS BAS

A

Shyness

Not outgoing
Not introverted
Still want to be engaged in social world
But fearful

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14
Q

Sensation Seeking

A

Seeking out new and exciting stimuli/activities
Try to avoid boredom and sameness
More likely to engage in risky behaviours

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15
Q

Optimal level of arousal

A

All humans have a level where arousal is useful vs. stressful
Motivates us to avoid boredom

What prompts us to engage in strenuous activities?

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16
Q

Sensation Seeking and Gambling

A

Winning is an excellent positive emotion/sensation and motivator

High sensation seekers love the rush of winning
At risk for gambling behaviours

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17
Q

Sensation seeking and video games study - Overwatch game

A

Are videogame microtransactions similar to traditional slot-machine gambling?

Does rarity of certain rewards heighten arousal?

Does this increase chances of continuing to pay for rewards?

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18
Q

Results : Sensation seeking and video games study - Overwatch game

A

Rarity = greater arousal, more positive emotions, and more urge-inducing

Obtaining reward items gave similar arousal to earning money via slot-machines

Increased urge to find and open (and pay for) more boxes

Gambling behaviour

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19
Q

Neurons

A 
Cell body
Nucleus 
Axon 
Dendrites signal in 
Axon terminal signal away
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20
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Between the Axon and Dendrite

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21
Q

What is MAO Monoamine Oxidase

A

Enzyme
Monitors levels of neurotransmitters

High MAO
Not enough neurotransmitter = less nerve transmission
Dulled sensation, lethargy

Low MAO
Too much neurotransmitter = too much nerve transmission
Lots of sensory information, jitteriness

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22
Q

MAO links to personality

A

Personality
Not based on base reactivity level
Based on MAO levels

Low sensation seeking, more risk averse
High MAO

High sensation seeking, less risk averse
Low MAO

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23
Q

important neurotransmitters in personality

A

Dopamine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine

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24
Q

Describe dopamine

A

Pleasure
‘Feel good’ neurotransmitter

High dopamine
Competitiveness, aggression, low impulse control
ADHD

Low dopamine
Low motivation, low concentration
Anxiety, (also) ADHD

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25
Q

Serotonin

A

Mood stabilizer

High serotonin
Too much regulation
Low arousal

Low serotonin
Not enough regulation
Anxiety, depression

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26
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Stress
Fight or flight system

High norepinephrine
Worry, anxiety
Insomnia 
Irritability
Anxiety, mania

Low norepinephrine
Low arousal and motivation
Fatigue
Depression, ADHD

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27
Q

What is the difference personality psychopathology

A

Personality who we are as individuals

Psychopathology How our traits may make our quality of life poorer.

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28
Q

What is the Tridimensional personality theory

A

Cloninger

3 personality traits and 3 neurotransmitters

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29
Q

Summery of traits

vs Novelty seeking -

  1. Brain system
  2. Neurotransmitter
  3. Behaviour
A

Novelty seeking -

  1. Brain system - Behavioural activation
  2. Neurotransmitter - Dopamine
  3. Behaviour - Exploratory, avoidance of punishment / boredom, motivation to seek potential reward

ex low = seek external replacement Novelty, excitement

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30
Q

Summery of traits

vs Harm Avoidance -

  1. Brain system
  2. Neurotransmitter
  3. Behaviour
A

Novelty seeking -

  1. Brain system - Behavioural inhibition
  2. Neurotransmitter - Serotonin
  3. Behaviour - Avoidance punishment and novelty

Low harm avoidance
Energetic, outgoing, optimistic

High harm avoidance
Cautious, inhibited, shy

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31
Q

Summery of traits

vs Reward dependence

  1. Brain System
  2. Neurotransmitter
  3. Behaviour
A
  1. Brain system - Behavioural maintenance
  2. Neurotransmitter - norepinephrine
  3. Work towards reward or avoid punishment.

High in this trait = low norepinephrine
Persistent
Goal motivated

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32
Q

Links to personality vs Novelty seeking Harm avoidance and reward dependence

A

see tableau

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33
Q

Life outcomes vs Novelty seeking Harm avoidance and reward dependence

A

Addiction
High novelty seeking = alcohol to supplement low dopamine
High harm avoidance = alcohol to relieve stress

Violent offense
High novelty seeking, high harm avoidance, low reward dependence

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34
Q

What is the difference between Reactive and Non reactive Psychology

A

Reactive – outside world triggers the personality

Non-reactive – baseline settings
Even before reactive

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35
Q

What is brain asymmetry

A

Measured via EEG
Differences in alpha waves – sleepy wave
Less alpha wave = more reactivity

In general:
Left side activation: pleasant emotions
Right side activation: unpleasant emotions

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36
Q

What are the brain waves

A
  1. Beta
  2. Alpha
  3. Delta
  4. Theta
  5. Gamma
37
Q

Links brain asymmetry & personality

A

Right-sided asymmetry
Greater reactivity and processing of negative stimuli
More susceptible to stress, anxiety, depression

Left-sided asymmetry
Greater reactivity and processing of positive stimuli
Generally happy
More susceptible to mania

38
Q

Sleep Wake cycles

Night owl

Early bird

A 
Circadian Rhythms (circle / day)
Biological process that operates around 24-25h cycle

Body temperature - Endocrine system

39
Q

Short biorhythm

A

Early birds = approx. 22 hour rhythm

Peak temperatures and alertness early in the day

Energy early in the day
Sleepy earlier

40
Q

Long biorhythm

A

Night owls = approx. 26 hour rhythm

Peak temperature and alertness later in the day

Harder to wake up & Later to go to sleep

41
Q

Life outcomes Sleep Wake cycles

A

9-5 work week = suited for short biorhythm
Work from home?

Personal relationships
Mismatch between rhythms can lead to interpersonal difficulties

Caffeine consumption
Long biorhythm = caffeine early in the day
Short biorhythm = caffeine late at night

42
Q

Disposition

A

Who we generally are

Our core personality

Consistency across situations

43
Q

What is temperament

A
  1. Innate traits, present from birth
  2. Biological markers
  3. Neurological markers
44
Q

Personality Gobstoper

A

Life experience
Friends
Parenting
Temperament

= Personality

45
Q

Personality and development ex shy

A

Longitudinal studies show 3months predict shyness adulthood

46
Q

Personality and development ex Self esteem ado - adult

A

Self-esteem from adolescence to adulthood
Men tend to increase in self-confidence
Women tend to decrease

47
Q

Personality and development ex Sensation seeking

A

Sensation seeking
Increases from childhood to adolescence
Peak at 18-20
Decreases through adulthood

48
Q

Can we change personality

A

Yes
If motivated
If set goals and work towards them

49
Q

Basic Genetics -

A

Nucleus
Chromosome
DNA
Genome

50
Q

describe the Genome

A

The entire combination of DNA and genes to create the individual

“Instruction manual”

51
Q

describe the chromosome

A

All humans have 23 paired chromosomes
46 chromosomes

Chain of data, made of DNA
Identifies whether certain traits will be expressed or not

52
Q

Describe DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Molecules that store information for creating proteins

53
Q

Describe Gene

A

Small section of chromosome

Carries information for heritability of traits

Variation in the gene = allele

54
Q

Differences Genotype Phenotype

Genotype

A

Genotype

Differences on a genetic level
Inherited

55
Q

Differences Genotype Phenotype

Phenotype

A

Phenotype

Observable characteristics
Not inherited
Influenced by genotype
Can be influenced by environment

56
Q

What is a Predisposition

A

Potential to be more likely to express something

Not a guarantee!

Environmental influences

57
Q

What is Molecular Genetics vs personality

A

Trying to identify specific genes associated with personality traits

DRD4 gene
Chromosome 11
Linked to dopamine
Long-repeat DRD4 – higher in novelty and risk-taking behaviours
Not as responsive to dopamine so need more stimuli
Short-repeat DRD4 – less risk-taking behaviours
Brains already have enough dopamine

58
Q

Behavioural Genetics what is the risk

A

What’s the risk of assigning too much to genetics?

Assigning people to different categories based on genetics

“Born bad”

Ignores:
Role of the environment
Personal growth

59
Q

Stranford-Binet and the IQ test

A

Intelligence quotient (IQ) was originally designed for disability purposes

Identify children that may require additional support to be successful in school

60
Q

Eugenics Movement

A

Eugenics: improving human population through controlled breeding

Positive eugenics

Negative eugenics
Sexual Sterilization Laws
Alberta (1928)
British Columbia (1933)
Very similar to was happening in the United States and Nazi Germany
61
Q

Goals of Behavioural Genetics

A

What makes us different?

How much can we attribute to the environment?

What exact parts of the environment?

How much can we attribute to how we’re born?

62
Q

What is Heritability

A

Statistic

Degree to which genetic differences cause difference

Proportion of phenotypic variance that is attributable to genotypic variance

63
Q

Explain Heritability ≠ inherited

A

Heritability: likelihood of getting a trait, not necessarily genetics
Might happen, might not happen
Behaviours, traits

Inherited: passed down via genetics
Disease

64
Q

Heritability scale

A

1 High - no environmental influences all genetic influence

0.5 Moderate - equal contribution by environment and genetics

0 Low - No genetic influence all environment

65
Q

Nature Nurture debate

A

Nature
Biologically-based
Innate
Genetics

Nurture
Based on upbringing 
Environmental factors 
The change
Environmentalism
66
Q

Individual vs population

Genotype - Environment interaction

Genotype - Environment correlation

A

Individual vs population

Genotype - Environment interaction
Ind. diff genotype React diff to same situation

Genotype - Environment correlation selection
Are certain opportunities and environment given to an individual based on genotype Exposure to environment as influenced by the genotype

67
Q

Genotype Environment Relations 3 effects

A

Passive effects
Evocative effects
Active effects

68
Q

Main ways to Studying genetics

A

Selective breeding
Family studies
Twin studies
Adoption studies

69
Q

Ways to study Genetics

Describe selective breeding

A

For Animals - Ethics say no for humans

Choosing traits we want in lineage
Physical, temperamental traits

70
Q

Ways to study Genetics

Describe Family studies

A

How much similarity can be found within families

Genetic rules :

We get 50% of our genes from each of our parent

We share 50% of genes with siblings

71
Q

Ways to study Genetics

What do we consider in family studies

A

Shared vs non shared environments (upbringing and physical environments)

72
Q

Ways to study Genetics

Describe two types of Twin studies

A

Identical twins share 100% of the same genes

Monozygotic twins
Fraternal twins share 50% of the same genes
Dizygotic twins
Like any other siblings

73
Q

Ways to study Genetics

Equal environments assumption vs twin studies

A

Assumes that identical twins aren’t treated differently than fraternal twins

Are identical twins treated differently based on their twin-ess?
Even differently than fraternal twins?

74
Q

Ways to study Genetics

Describe adoption studies

A

One of most well-known study methods for behavioural genetics

If a child is raised away from their biological parents…
Strong similarities = genetic influences
Differences = environmental influences

However: selective placement

75
Q

Ways to study Genetics

Pros Cons Selective breathing

A

Pros if it works we can infer heritability

Cons Ethics

76
Q

Ways to study Genetics

Pros Cons Family studies

A

Pros Heritability and environment estimate

Cons Sometimes can violate = environment assumption

77
Q

Ways to study Genetics

Pros cons Adoption Studies

A

Pros Heritability and environment estimates avoids equal environment violations

Cons True representation of population? Selective placements…

78
Q

Ways to study Genetics
What it tells us about traits

Neuroticism negative affect extraversion
Activity level

A

Neuroticism/negative affect and extraversion
.54 - .60 (moderate)

Activity level
.40 (moderate)

79
Q

Ways to study genetics
What it tells us about traits

Traditionalism
Occupation
Religious attitude

A

Traditionalism:
.59 (moderate)

Occupations:
71% of genetic children showed heritability of occupational preference
3% of adopted children showed heritability of occupational preference

Not a factor of environment
Religious attitude:
Basically zero

80
Q

3 Key factors of personality statility

A
  1. Meaningful individual differences
  2. Stability or consistency over time
  3. Consistency across situations
81
Q

3 Key factors of personality statility

  1. Meaningful individual differences
A

The differences between ppl

Differential psychology

82
Q

3 Key factors of personality statility

  1. Consistency over time
A

Maintenance of personality across time

83
Q

3 Key factors of personality stability

  1. Consistency across situations
A

Consistency across situations, environments and interactions

84
Q

Ways our personality interact with the world

A
  1. Situational specificity
  2. Situational selection
  3. Evocation
  4. Manipulation
85
Q

What is situation specificity

A

How do we act when placed in a unique situation

86
Q

What type of situation makes it more likely everyone act the same

A

Strong situation

87
Q

What is an evocation

A

What our personality provoques in the environment

88
Q

What is Selection

A

How we interpret situations according to our personality.

Personality PSY206 (7 decks)

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