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Personality PSY206 > Ch 4-5-6 Personality Stability (class 7 & 8) > Flashcards

Ch 4-5-6 Personality Stability (class 7 & 8) Flashcards

1
Q

Eysenck & Activation

A

Key neurosystem: Ascending reticular activating systems (ARAS)

Resting arousal level

Introverts high levels in ARAS External stimuli overwhelming

Extroverts low levels in arras
External stimuli = helpful

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2
Q

Eysenck on Activation

A

Key neurosystem: Ascending reticular activating systems (ARAS)

Resting arousal level

Introverts high levels in ARAS External stimuli overwhelming

Extroverts low levels in arras
External stimuli = helpful

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3
Q

What do studies tell us about introvert vs extrovert diff vs Arousal levels

A

at rest similar

Reaction different to stimuli

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4
Q

Eysenck & Arousability

A

Arousal response

Introverts
Need less stimulation to reach optimal level
Over-arousal is a risk

Extroverts
Need more stimulation to reach optimal level
Under-arousal is a risk

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5
Q

What is reactivity

A

Reactivity

How we respond to stimuli and the environment around us

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6
Q

Reactivity vs Reward & Punishment

What is Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory

A

Gray

Based on (hypothetical) biological system
Behavioural activation system (BAS)
Behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

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7
Q

BAS - Behavioural Activation System

A

Approach drive

Responsive to incentive stimuli
Rewards
New experiences
New people

in Reinforcement sensitivity theory

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8
Q

What is BIS - Behavioural Activation System

A

Withdrawal drive

Responsive to punishment stimuli
Fear of consequences
Fear of the unfamiliar
Fear of judgement

(in Reinforcement sensitivity theory)

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9
Q

BIS BAS - Links to personality

A

Impulsivity
High BAS
Sensitive to reward
Seeks out positive emotions and stimuli

Anxious
High BIS
Sensitive to cues of punishment, stress, novelty
At risk for negative

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10
Q

Life outcomes

A

Impulsivity
Don’t learn well from punishment
More likely to engage in risky (potentially illegal) behaviours

Anxiety
Don’t trust rewards
Less likely to engage in novel or potentially risky situations
More likely to be closed off and self-limiting

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11
Q

Life outcomes or BIS BAS

A

Impulsivity
Don’t learn well from punishment
More likely to engage in risky (potentially illegal) behaviours

Anxiety
Don’t trust rewards
Less likely to engage in novel or potentially risky situations
More likely to be closed off and self-limiting

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12
Q

People in the middle BIS BAS

A 
Consider shyness
Not outgoing
Not introverted
Still want to be engaged in social world
But fearful
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13
Q

People in the middle BIS BAS

A

Shyness

Not outgoing
Not introverted
Still want to be engaged in social world
But fearful

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14
Q

Sensation Seeking

A

Seeking out new and exciting stimuli/activities
Try to avoid boredom and sameness
More likely to engage in risky behaviours

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15
Q

Optimal level of arousal

A

All humans have a level where arousal is useful vs. stressful
Motivates us to avoid boredom

What prompts us to engage in strenuous activities?

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16
Q

Sensation Seeking and Gambling

A

Winning is an excellent positive emotion/sensation and motivator

High sensation seekers love the rush of winning
At risk for gambling behaviours

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17
Q

Sensation seeking and video games study - Overwatch game

A

Are videogame microtransactions similar to traditional slot-machine gambling?

Does rarity of certain rewards heighten arousal?

Does this increase chances of continuing to pay for rewards?

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18
Q

Results : Sensation seeking and video games study - Overwatch game

A

Rarity = greater arousal, more positive emotions, and more urge-inducing

Obtaining reward items gave similar arousal to earning money via slot-machines

Increased urge to find and open (and pay for) more boxes

Gambling behaviour

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19
Q

Neurons

A 
Cell body
Nucleus 
Axon 
Dendrites signal in 
Axon terminal signal away
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20
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Between the Axon and Dendrite

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21
Q

What is MAO Monoamine Oxidase

A

Enzyme
Monitors levels of neurotransmitters

High MAO
Not enough neurotransmitter = less nerve transmission
Dulled sensation, lethargy

Low MAO
Too much neurotransmitter = too much nerve transmission
Lots of sensory information, jitteriness

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22
Q

MAO links to personality

A

Personality
Not based on base reactivity level
Based on MAO levels

Low sensation seeking, more risk averse
High MAO

High sensation seeking, less risk averse
Low MAO

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23
Q

important neurotransmitters in personality

A

Dopamine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine

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24
Q

Describe dopamine

A

Pleasure
‘Feel good’ neurotransmitter

High dopamine
Competitiveness, aggression, low impulse control
ADHD

Low dopamine
Low motivation, low concentration
Anxiety, (also) ADHD

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25
Serotonin
Mood stabilizer High serotonin Too much regulation Low arousal Low serotonin Not enough regulation Anxiety, depression
26
Norepinephrine
Stress Fight or flight system ``` High norepinephrine Worry, anxiety Insomnia Irritability Anxiety, mania ``` Low norepinephrine Low arousal and motivation Fatigue Depression, ADHD
27
What is the difference personality psychopathology
Personality who we are as individuals Psychopathology How our traits may make our quality of life poorer.
28
What is the Tridimensional personality theory
Cloninger | 3 personality traits and 3 neurotransmitters
29
Summery of traits vs Novelty seeking - 1. Brain system 2. Neurotransmitter 3. Behaviour
Novelty seeking - 1. Brain system - Behavioural activation 2. Neurotransmitter - Dopamine 3. Behaviour - Exploratory, avoidance of punishment / boredom, motivation to seek potential reward ex low = seek external replacement Novelty, excitement
30
Summery of traits vs Harm Avoidance - 1. Brain system 2. Neurotransmitter 3. Behaviour
Novelty seeking - 1. Brain system - Behavioural inhibition 2. Neurotransmitter - Serotonin 3. Behaviour - Avoidance punishment and novelty Low harm avoidance Energetic, outgoing, optimistic High harm avoidance Cautious, inhibited, shy
31
Summery of traits vs Reward dependence 1. Brain System 2. Neurotransmitter 3. Behaviour
1. Brain system - Behavioural maintenance 2. Neurotransmitter - norepinephrine 3. Work towards reward or avoid punishment. High in this trait = low norepinephrine Persistent Goal motivated
32
Links to personality vs Novelty seeking Harm avoidance and reward dependence
see tableau
33
Life outcomes vs Novelty seeking Harm avoidance and reward dependence
Addiction High novelty seeking = alcohol to supplement low dopamine High harm avoidance = alcohol to relieve stress Violent offense High novelty seeking, high harm avoidance, low reward dependence
34
What is the difference between Reactive and Non reactive Psychology
Reactive – outside world triggers the personality Non-reactive – baseline settings Even before reactive
35
What is brain asymmetry
Measured via EEG Differences in alpha waves – sleepy wave Less alpha wave = more reactivity In general: Left side activation: pleasant emotions Right side activation: unpleasant emotions
36
What are the brain waves
1. Beta 2. Alpha 3. Delta 4. Theta 5. Gamma
37
Links brain asymmetry & personality
Right-sided asymmetry Greater reactivity and processing of negative stimuli More susceptible to stress, anxiety, depression Left-sided asymmetry Greater reactivity and processing of positive stimuli Generally happy More susceptible to mania
38
Sleep Wake cycles Night owl Early bird
``` Circadian Rhythms (circle / day) Biological process that operates around 24-25h cycle ``` Body temperature - Endocrine system
39
Short biorhythm
Early birds = approx. 22 hour rhythm Peak temperatures and alertness early in the day Energy early in the day Sleepy earlier
40
Long biorhythm
Night owls = approx. 26 hour rhythm Peak temperature and alertness later in the day Harder to wake up & Later to go to sleep
41
Life outcomes Sleep Wake cycles
9-5 work week = suited for short biorhythm Work from home? Personal relationships Mismatch between rhythms can lead to interpersonal difficulties Caffeine consumption Long biorhythm = caffeine early in the day Short biorhythm = caffeine late at night
42
Disposition
Who we generally are Our core personality Consistency across situations
43
What is temperament
1. Innate traits, present from birth 2. Biological markers 3. Neurological markers
44
Personality Gobstoper
Life experience Friends Parenting Temperament = Personality
45
Personality and development ex shy
Longitudinal studies show 3months predict shyness adulthood
46
Personality and development ex Self esteem ado - adult
Self-esteem from adolescence to adulthood Men tend to increase in self-confidence Women tend to decrease
47
Personality and development ex Sensation seeking
Sensation seeking Increases from childhood to adolescence Peak at 18-20 Decreases through adulthood
48
Can we change personality
Yes If motivated If set goals and work towards them
49
Basic Genetics -
Nucleus Chromosome DNA Genome
50
describe the Genome
The entire combination of DNA and genes to create the individual “Instruction manual”
51
describe the chromosome
All humans have 23 paired chromosomes 46 chromosomes Chain of data, made of DNA Identifies whether certain traits will be expressed or not
52
Describe DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Molecules that store information for creating proteins
53
Describe Gene
Small section of chromosome Carries information for heritability of traits Variation in the gene = allele
54
Differences Genotype Phenotype Genotype
Genotype Differences on a genetic level Inherited
55
Differences Genotype Phenotype Phenotype
Phenotype Observable characteristics Not inherited Influenced by genotype Can be influenced by environment
56
What is a Predisposition
Potential to be more likely to express something Not a guarantee! Environmental influences
57
What is Molecular Genetics vs personality
Trying to identify specific genes associated with personality traits DRD4 gene Chromosome 11 Linked to dopamine Long-repeat DRD4 – higher in novelty and risk-taking behaviours Not as responsive to dopamine so need more stimuli Short-repeat DRD4 – less risk-taking behaviours Brains already have enough dopamine
58
Behavioural Genetics what is the risk
What’s the risk of assigning too much to genetics? Assigning people to different categories based on genetics “Born bad” Ignores: Role of the environment Personal growth
59
Stranford-Binet and the IQ test
Intelligence quotient (IQ) was originally designed for disability purposes Identify children that may require additional support to be successful in school
60
Eugenics Movement
Eugenics: improving human population through controlled breeding Positive eugenics ``` Negative eugenics Sexual Sterilization Laws Alberta (1928) British Columbia (1933) Very similar to was happening in the United States and Nazi Germany ```
61
Goals of Behavioural Genetics
What makes us different? How much can we attribute to the environment? What exact parts of the environment? How much can we attribute to how we’re born?
62
What is Heritability
Statistic Degree to which genetic differences cause difference Proportion of phenotypic variance that is attributable to genotypic variance
63
Explain Heritability ≠ inherited
Heritability: likelihood of getting a trait, not necessarily genetics Might happen, might not happen Behaviours, traits Inherited: passed down via genetics Disease
64
Heritability scale
1 High - no environmental influences all genetic influence 0.5 Moderate - equal contribution by environment and genetics 0 Low - No genetic influence all environment
65
Nature Nurture debate
Nature Biologically-based Innate Genetics ``` Nurture Based on upbringing Environmental factors The change Environmentalism ```
66
Individual vs population Genotype - Environment interaction Genotype - Environment correlation
Individual vs population Genotype - Environment interaction Ind. diff genotype React diff to same situation Genotype - Environment correlation selection Are certain opportunities and environment given to an individual based on genotype Exposure to environment as influenced by the genotype
67
Genotype Environment Relations 3 effects
Passive effects Evocative effects Active effects
68
Main ways to Studying genetics
Selective breeding Family studies Twin studies Adoption studies
69
Ways to study Genetics Describe selective breeding
For Animals - Ethics say no for humans Choosing traits we want in lineage Physical, temperamental traits
70
Ways to study Genetics Describe Family studies
How much similarity can be found within families Genetic rules : We get 50% of our genes from each of our parent We share 50% of genes with siblings
71
Ways to study Genetics What do we consider in family studies
Shared vs non shared environments (upbringing and physical environments)
72
Ways to study Genetics Describe two types of Twin studies
Identical twins share 100% of the same genes Monozygotic twins Fraternal twins share 50% of the same genes Dizygotic twins Like any other siblings
73
Ways to study Genetics Equal environments assumption vs twin studies
Assumes that identical twins aren’t treated differently than fraternal twins Are identical twins treated differently based on their twin-ess? Even differently than fraternal twins?
74
Ways to study Genetics Describe adoption studies
One of most well-known study methods for behavioural genetics If a child is raised away from their biological parents… Strong similarities = genetic influences Differences = environmental influences However: selective placement
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Ways to study Genetics Pros Cons Selective breathing
Pros if it works we can infer heritability Cons Ethics
76
Ways to study Genetics Pros Cons Family studies
Pros Heritability and environment estimate Cons Sometimes can violate = environment assumption
77
Ways to study Genetics Pros cons Adoption Studies
Pros Heritability and environment estimates avoids equal environment violations Cons True representation of population? Selective placements...
78
Ways to study Genetics What it tells us about traits Neuroticism negative affect extraversion Activity level
Neuroticism/negative affect and extraversion .54 - .60 (moderate) Activity level .40 (moderate)
79
Ways to study genetics What it tells us about traits Traditionalism Occupation Religious attitude
Traditionalism: .59 (moderate) Occupations: 71% of genetic children showed heritability of occupational preference 3% of adopted children showed heritability of occupational preference Not a factor of environment Religious attitude: Basically zero
80
3 Key factors of personality statility
1. Meaningful individual differences 2. Stability or consistency over time 3. Consistency across situations
81
3 Key factors of personality statility 1. Meaningful individual differences
The differences between ppl Differential psychology
82
3 Key factors of personality statility 2. Consistency over time
Maintenance of personality across time
83
3 Key factors of personality stability 3. Consistency across situations
Consistency across situations, environments and interactions
84
Ways our personality interact with the world
1. Situational specificity 2. Situational selection 3. Evocation 4. Manipulation
85
What is situation specificity
How do we act when placed in a unique situation
86
What type of situation makes it more likely everyone act the same
Strong situation
87
What is an evocation
What our personality provoques in the environment
88
What is Selection
How we interpret situations according to our personality.

Personality PSY206 (7 decks)

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